HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 1 no. 1 (2022)

Academic Performance, Personality Types, and Self-Efficacy: Predictors on Alternative Learning System Learners’ Employability Skills

Jolly Puertos | Liberty Puertos

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The five learning strands of the alternative learning system are intended to improve the employability skills of the learners. With improved employability skills, learners will have better chances of employment after graduation. This study was conducted to determine the level of employability skills of ALS learners and to find out the factors that are associated with predictors of employability skills. Employing the descriptive-correlational and causal research design, a total of 473 participants were selected through a random sampling technique. Adapted survey questionnaires for personality types, self-efficacy, and employability skills were administered to the participants. Results showed that the participants have a high level of employability skills, very satisfactory academic performance, and a high level of self-efficacy. Extraverts, sensors, feelers, and judgers were the dominant personality types of the participants and the majority were looking for employment after graduation. Correlation coefficients indicated that employability skills are significantly associated with academic performance, personality types, self-efficacy, and post-graduation plans. Multiple regression beta coefficients revealed that self-efficacy, communication skills, personality preferences, and sustainable resources were significant predictors to ALS learners’ employability skills. From the findings, the conclusion is drawn that the level of employability skills among the participants is generally higher and the learners are employable for an appropriate job after their graduation while the best predictor of employability skills is the learners’ self-efficacy.



References:

  1. Adler, L (2013).0 Factors That Best Predict On-the-Job Succes. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20130909225324-15454-10-factors-that-bestpredict-on-the-job-success.
  2. Aigbavboa, C. (2017).Requisite Skills for Graduate Success: Perceptions of the Nigerian Construction Industry . https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=582373.
  3. Akhtar, M. (2008).What is Self-Efficacy http://positivepsychology.org.uk/self-efficacy definition-bandurameaning/ Alejandrino, K (2016)Top Future Professionals 2016 to Help Boost Employability of Filipino Graduates. http://japionline.org/home/topfuture-professionals-2016-to-help-boost-employability-of-filipinograduates/
  4. Allen, M. (2017) Employability:What Are Employers Looking For? http://www.jobs.ac.uk/careers-advice/interviewtips/1515/employability-what-are-employers-looking-for
  5. Annie, Muk-Ngiik Wong (2006). Higher education and employment in Malaysia. http://www.groupgti.com/gtiresearch/pdfs/Doctorjobsstudentsurvey0604.pdf
  6. Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. (2009).Benefits of training development for individuals, teams and organizations and society. The Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 451-474.
  7. Ariana, S. (2010). "Some thoughts on writing skills", Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 134-140.
  8. P. R., Greenr, S., Bourner, T., & Sheehan, M. (2014).Human capital or signalling, unpacking the graduate premium. International Journal of Social Economics, 41(5), 420-432. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2013-0056
  9. Bandura, A., & Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative Self-Efficacy and Goal Effects Revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.87
  10. Australian Association of Graduate Employers [AAGE]. (2012). 2012 AAGE Employer Survey. Sydney: AAGE.
  11. Bandura, A. (1997)Self-efficacy. The exercise of control. New York:W.H.Freeman and Company.Emory University, Division of Educational Studies, Information on Self- Efficacy: A Community of Scholars. http://positivepsychology.org.uk/self-efficacydefinition-bandura-meaning/
  12. Bandura, A., & Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative Self-Efficacy and Goal Effects Revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 87-99.
  13. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W H Freeman. Baywong, M.G. et,al. (2016). Social Services: Alternative Learning System for Out-of-School Youth and Adults
  14. Becker, G (2004). Human Capital. www.econlib.org/library/Enc/HumanCapital.html
  15. Belwal, R., Priyadarshi, P., & Al Fazari, M. H. (2017). Graduate attributes and Employability skills. The International Journal of Educational Management,31(6), 814-827. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1929859636?accountid=139409
  16. Bersales, LG (2017). Employment rate in January 2017 is estimated at 93.4 percent. https://psa.gov.ph/content/employment-rate-january-2017-estimated934-percent
  17. Burns N., Grove SK. (2005). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, Critique, and Utilization (5th Ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders
  18. Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Arteche, A., Bremner, A.J., Greven, C. and Furnham, A. (2010). "Soft skills in higher education: importance and improvement ratings as a function of individual differences and academic performance", Educational Psychology: An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 221- 241.
  19. Cassel, R.N. (1998). Career readiness for the communication age based on fortune 500 job- Skill needs. Journal of Instructional Psychology
  20. Chanco, B. (2015)Matching Education with Jobs. Philippine Star. http://www.philstar.com/business/2015/06/17/1466631/matching-ed
  21. Chan and Ngang (2015). The Importance of Ethics, Moral and Professional Skills of Novice Teachers. ElsevierProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences Volume 205, 9 October 2015, Page812. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
  22. Chandrakumara, P., S. (2015). Modelling Graduate Employability in Sri Lanka Using Binary Logistic Regression. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development.
  23. Chirwa E.W. & Matita, M.,M. (2008). ‘The Rate of Return on Education Investments in Malawi’, mimeo, study commissioned by the Department for International Development (DFID Malawi) as an input to DFID’s Education Sector Support Programme in Malawi.
  24. Cherry, K. (2018). What Is Personality and Why Does It Matter? https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-personality-2795416
  25. Cho, Y., Kalomba, D., Mobarak, M. & Orozco, V., (2012). The effects of apprenticeship training for vulnerable youths in Malawi. Lilongwe: Malawi National AIDS Commission.
  26. Clarke, M. (2007). Where to from here? Evaluating employability during career transition. Journal of Management and Organization, 13(3), 196-209.
  27. Coetzee, M. (2012). A framework for developing student graduates and employability in the economic and management sciences at the University of South Africa.
  28. Coetzee, M. (2008). Psychological career resources and subjective work experiences of working adults: A South African survey. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology.
  29. Collins, J. (2009)Lifelong learning in the 21st century and beyond. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
  30. Consega and Alicarte (2017). Adherence to the Department of Education Standards: A Case Study Report https://www.academia.edu
  31. Cotton, K. (2007). Developing employability skills. School Improvement Research Series. Retrieved March 25, 2007 from www.nwrel.org.
  32. Dacre-pool, Lorraine and Qualter, Pamela (2013).Emotional SelfEfficacy, Graduate Employability and Career Satisfaction: Testing the Associations. Australian Journal of Psychology. Department of Education (2017).
  33. DepEd rolls out ALS-K to 12 Basic Education. http://www.deped.gov.ph/press-releases/depedrolls-out-als-k-12-basic-education
  34. Department of Education (2017). Learning Strands of ALS. http://www.deped.gov.ph/als
  35. Dacre Pool, L., & Sewell, P. (2007). The key to employability developing a practical model of graduate employability. Education and Training, 49(4), 277–289.
  36. Doyle, A (2017).Top 5 Employability Skills.Employability Skills for Resumes, Cover Letters, and Interviews . https://www.thebalance.com/employability-skills-list-andexamples-4143571
  37. Elmore, T. (2017).4 Steps to Build Self-Discipline and Willpower in Students. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/artificial-maturity/201704/4-steps-build-self-discipline-and-willpower-in-students
  38. Fallows, S., & Steven C. (2000).Integrating key skills in higher education, Employability,transferable skills and learning for life. London: Kogan Page Limited.
  39. Fletcher-Brown, J., Knibbs, K., & Middleton, K. (2015).Developing "employagility": The 3Es case for live-client learning. Higher Education, Skills and Work - Based Learning. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1682173764?accountid=139409
  40. Fernandez R. M. (2013). Teachers’ competence and learners’ performance in the alternative learning system towards an enrichedinstructional program. International Journal of Information Technologyand Business Management, 22, 33-46.
  41. Gardner, C., Milne, M.J., Stringer, C.P. and Whiting, R.H. (2005),Oral and written communication apprehension in accounting students: curriculum impacts and impacts on academic performance", Accounting Education, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 313-336.
  42. Finch, J. et al. (2013). An exploratory study of factors affecting undergraduate employability. Education & Training; London Vol. 55, Iss. 7, (2013): 681-704.
  43. Gall, Meredith, Gall, Joyce and Borg, Walter(2007). Educational research, an introduction (8th edition). MA, United States: Pearson Education Inc. Gbadamosi, G. et al. (2015).Employability and Students' Part-Time Work in the UK: Does Self-Efficacy and Career Aspiration Matter?British Educational Research Journal, v41 n6 p1086-1107
  44. Git, A (2014). High school diploma not enough? More companies want college grads. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/high-school-diploma-not-enough-m ore-companies- want-college-grads/
  45. Gray, F. (2010). "Specific oral communication skills desired in new accountancy graduates", Business Communication Quarterly, Vol. 73 No. 1, pp. 40-67.
  46. Griffin, M. Y. (2012). Manufacturing mississippi's workforce: An assessment of employability skills as perceived by faculty and senior students of four year manufacturing related degree programs (Order No.3514677). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1021724371). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1021724371?accountid=139409
  47. Habito, C (2017).Profile of the Filipino worker. Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://opinion.inquirer.net/103546/profile-filipino-worker
  48. Harnden, J. S. (2016).Alternative education: Voices of those who graduated (Order No.10090325). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1779522946). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1779522946?accountid=139409
  49. Hogan, R., Chamorro-Premuzic, T. and Kaiser, R. B. (2013).Employability and Career Success: Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Reality. Ind Organ Psychol, 6: 3–16. doi:10.1111/iops.12001
  50. Holden, R. and Hamblett, J. (2007).The transition from higher education into work: tales of cohesion and fragmentation", Education and Training, Vol. 49 No. 7, pp. 516
  51. Huang, Y. and Lin, C. (2011), Management trainee core competencies in the hospitality industry: differences between managers and scholars", Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 1-13.
  52. Jimeno, K (2017). Minimum wage for employees: What's your work worth? CNN Philippines. http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/05/01/Minimumwage-for- employees-Whats-your-work-worth.html
  53. Imam and Abas (2016). Graduates’ Competence on Employability Skills and Job Performance. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) Vol.5, No.2, June 2016, pp. 119~125
  54. Jackson, D. (2014).Factors Influencing job attainment in recent bachelor graduates: Evidence from Australia, Higher Education, 68, 1, 135-153. Job-Interview-Site.com (2017).Employability Skills Checklist: List of Employability Skills http://www.job-interview-site.com/employability-skills-checklist-list -of employability-skills.html
  55. Jung, C.G. (1971).Jung's theory of psychological types: 16 Personality Types. http://www.humanmetrics.com/personality/type
  56. Jupan, Y. and L. Lee (2007).Academic Performance and Perceived Employability of Graduate Students in Business and Management – An Analysis of Nationwide Graduate Destination Survey. International Conference on Asia Pacific Business Innovation&TechnologyManagement. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S18770428110235 85
  57. Kern, A.F. (2009). Human Capital Development Theory: Implications for Education Comparison of Influential Twenty-First Century. http://www.personal.psu.edu/afk119/blogs/career_tech_ed/2009/12/human-capital- development-theory.html
  58. Kazilan, Fitrisehara, Hamzah, Ramlah and Bakar, Rahim (2009) .Employability Skills among the students of technical and vocational training centers in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9,1 147-160.
  59. Khandu, Y. (2014). Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TEVET): Training providers’, employers’, instructors’ and trainees’ attitudes to generic/employability skills in Bhutan; TEVET-online.asia, 3, 1-15. 97
  60. Knopf, B. J. (2013). Graduates' perceptions of a western pennsylvania public high school alternative education program (Order No. 3558782). Available from Education Database; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1352163179). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1352163179?accountid=139409
  61. Laker, D.R. and Powell, J.L. (2011). The differences between hard and soft skills and their relative impact on training transfer", Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 111-122.
  62. Leoni, R. (2014).Graduate employability and the development of competencies. The incomplete reform of the "bologna process". International Journal of Manpower, 35(4),448-469. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1651162370?accountid=139409
  63. Lingbayan, B. (2005). The Implemantation of Non-formal Education in District 1 and 3. Baguio City: Baguio Central University.
  64. Li, C., Gervais, G. and Duval, A. (2006). The dynamics of overqualification: Canada's underemployed university graduates", Analytical Paper No. 039, Catalogue No. 11- 621-MIE, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, available at: www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-621-m/11-621-m2006039-eng.pdf (accessed 16 December 2012).
  65. Llego, MA (2017). Alternative Learning System-Education and Skills Training (ALS–EST). https://www.teacherph.com/als-est/
  66. Lombardo, J. (2017). Factors that Affect Ethical Behavior in the Workplace. https://study.com/academy/lesson/factors-that-affect-ethical-behavio r-in-the- workplace.html
  67. Lowden, K., Hall, S., Elliot, D., & Lewin, J. (2011). Employers’ perceptions of the employability skills of new graduates. London: Edge Foundation.
  68. Lynch, Richard. (2000). High school career and technical education for the first decade of the 21st century. Journal of Vocational Education Research, 25(2). Available on-line at http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JVER/v25n2/lynch.html.
  69. Macaranas, F. (2007). Lifelong Learning in the Phillipines. http://www.ilo.org/manila/publications/WCMS_126138/lang--en/index.htm
  70. Mangunay, K (2012).BPOs no way up the ladder for graduates,charge youth. Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/271860/bpos-no-way-up-the-ladder-forgraduates-charge-youth
  71. Martin, R., Villeneuve-Smith, F., Marshall, L., McKenzie, E. (2008). Employability skills explored. London: Learning and Skills Network. Retrieved from http://www.lsneducation.org.uk
  72. Márta Juhász, M. (2010). Influence of personality on Teamwork behaviour and Communication Social and Management Sciences.18/2 (2010) 63–77doi: 10.3311/pp.so.2010-2.02. web: http://www.pp.bme.hu/so
  73. Mateo, J. (2017). DepEd aligns ALS with K-12 curriculum. https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/educationanhome/2017/07/26/1721719/deped-aligns-als-k-12-curriculum
  74. Maurer, H., & Mawdsley, J. (2014). Students' skills, employability and the teaching of european studies: Challenges and opportunities. European Political Science: EPS, 13(1), 32-42. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/eps.2013.34
  75. McCain, T. (2005). Teaching for tomorrow: Teaching content and problem solving skills. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
  76. McCain, T. (2005). Teaching for tomorrow: Teaching content and problem solving skills. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
  77. Moralista R. B. and Delarierte G. C. (2014). Alternative learning system (ALS education): Its influence on the intellectual abilities of the indigenous people. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts, and Sciences, 1, 7-10
  78. Morrow-Gholson, W. (2016).Key factors that contribute to alternative High school diploma graduates' college success (Order No. 10252486). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1868502318). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1868502318?accountid=139409
  79. Munroe, S. (2017). How Personality Affects Work Behavior. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/personality-affects-work-behavior-4 5940.html
  80. Nauen, R. (2017).Men vs. women: How gender can impact career aspirations.
  81. Nelson, C. and Leganza, K. (2006). Is gender a predictor of success in college mathematics courses? College and University, 81(4), 11-18.
  82. Nisen, M (2013). Google Has Started Hiring More People Who Didn't Go To College. http://www.businessinsider.com/google-hiring-non-graduates-2013- 6
  83. Ng, E.S., Schweitzer, L. and Lyons, S.T. (2010), New generation, great expectations: a field ` study of the millennial generation", Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 281-292.
  84. Omer, M. (2009.)Employability Skill Acquisition of Career and Technical Education Students. Dissertation. Duquesne University
  85. Orias, P (2017).Northern Mindanao Workers to get 20 PhP wage hike. http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cagayan-de-oro/business/2017/07/09/northern- mindanao-workers-get-p20-wage-hike-55175
  86. Orallo, A (2017). Unemployment rate increases in January 2017 http://www.philstar.com/business/2017/03/14/1681058/unemployme nt-rate- increases-january-2017
  87. Ossa, D. L. (2010). Alternative high school graduates' assessments of the quality of their high school experience: Seven years later (Order No. 3404072). Available from Education Database; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (501670072).Retrievedfrom https://search.proquest.com/docview/501670072?accountid=139409
  88. Overtoom, C. (2000). Employability skills: An update (report No. EDO-CE-00220). Columbus OH: Adult, Career and Vocational Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED445236).
  89. Panigrahi, J., Das, B., & Tripathy, S. (2015). Paving the path from Education to employment. Parikalpana: K I I T Journal of Management, 11(1), 113-119.Retrievedfrom https://search.proquest.com/docview/1692919181?accountid=139409
  90. Paydo-en, D. B. (2007). Contribution of Alternative Learning System to community development in Mankayan District, Division of Benguet.
  91. Pegg, A., Waldock, J., Hendy-Isaac, S., & Lawton, R. (2012). Pedagogy for employability. York: HEA.Academic standards for career education and work. Retrieved November 28, 2006 from www.pde.state.pa.us.
  92. Pitan, O. S. (2017). Graduate employees' generic skills and training needs. Higher Education, Skills and Work - Based Learning, 7(3), 290-303. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1929839649?accountid=139409
  93. Pitan, O. S. (2016). Employability development opportunities (EDOs) as measures of students' enhanced employability. Higher Education, Skills and Work - Based Learning, 6(3), 288-304.Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1806449655?accountid=139409
  94. Potgieter, I.L. (2012). The development of a career metacompetencymodel for sustained employability. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of South Africa, Pretoria.
  95. PotgieterI, I. (2013). Employability attributes and personality preferences of postgraduate business management students. SA j. ind. Psychol. vol.39 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2013.
  96. Pongo, N, A., Effah, B., Owusu, B, O., Obinnim, E., Sam, F., K. (2014). The impact of TEVET On Ghanas Social Economic Development. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 14, 1, 185-192.
  97. Raimi, L. and Akhuemonkhan, I. A. (2014). Has Technical Vocational Education and Training (TEVET) impacted on Employability and National Development? The Macrotheme Review: A multidisciplinary journal of global macro trends.
  98. Reid, J.R. and Anderson, P.R. (2012). Critical thinking in the business classroom Journal of Education for Business, Vol. 87 No. 1, pp. 52-59.
  99. Sarkodie, A, O., Mensah, S, A., Anarfi, J., K. & Bosiakohi, T, A. (2014).Education and employment outcomes in Ghana through the lens of the capability
  100. Samoszuk, S. (2017).Human Capital Theory: Characteristics & Investment https://study.com/academy/lesson/human-capital-theory-characteristi cs- investment.html
  101. Saunders, V (2015). Evaluating Employability Skills: Employer and Student Perceptions. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3108/beej.15.2
  102. Shafer, R. (2005). An examination of high-performance work skills among manufacturing workers in one Pennsylvania metropolitan statistical area. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University.
  103. Sincero, S. M. (2017). Does Culture Affect our Personality. https://explorable.com/culture-and-personality
  104. Scherbaum, C.A., Goldstein, H.W., Yusko, K.P., Ryan, R. and Hanges, P.J. (2012), Intelligence 2.0: reestablishing a research program on g in I-O psychology", Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 128-148.
  105. Schmidt, F.L. and Hunter, J. (2004).General mental ability in the world of work: occupational attainment and job performance", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 86 No. 1, pp. 162-173.
  106. Sean. J. (2008). 9 soft skills for success”, www.askmen.com
  107. Smith, B & Katz, S. (2005). Employability standards: teacher perceptions of inclusion in family and consumer sciences secondary curriculum. Career and Technical Education Research 30(3), pp. 189-211.
  108. Spears, J. (2016). COO for Traitify | Film, Books & Animalsaspiring Kool-Aid man|Inventor/Visionary. https://www.traitify.com/blog/work/the-imp act-of-personality-types-on-teams/
  109. Solarte, C. A. F. (2017). A causal-comparative study of colombia's institutional accreditation system and graduation, employability, and attrition in higher education (Order No. 10283189). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1914904244). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1914904244?accountid=139409
  110. Soft Skills and Employability (2016). http://www.breitlinks.com/careers/soft_skills.htm
  111. Sustainable Development Goals (2016). http://www.ph.undp.org/content/philippines/en/home/sustain
  112. Steinmayr, R, et.al (2017).Academic Achievement. http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9
  113. Sumanasiri, E. G. T., Yajid, M. S. A. & Khatibi, A. (2015). Conceptualizing Learning and Employability “Learning and Employability Framework”. Journal of Education and Learning, 4(2), 54-63, http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v4n2p53
  114. SunStar Philippines (2017). 2.4M Filipinos jobless in April. http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/06/09/24m-filip inos-jobless- april-546553
  115. SunStar Philippines (2017).3.8M out-of-school children, youth in PH. http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local- news/2017/06/14/38mout-school- children-youth-ph-survey-547399
  116. Taylor, A.T. (2005). What employers look for: the skills debate and the fit with youth perceptions. Journal of Education and Work, 18(2), 201-228.
  117. Tindowen, D (2017). Twenty-First-Century Skills of Alternative Learning System Learners.. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017726116
  118. Tewari, R (2009).A Study of the Relationship between Academic Performance and Soft Skills of Management Students (August, 31 2009). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1464637
  119. Thiessen, V. and Looker, D. (2009). Investing in youth: The nova scotia schoolto-work transition project. Ottawa: Humans Resources Development Canada.
  120. Tholen, G. (2010). Graduate employability in the knowledge-based economy : A comparison between great britain and the netherlands (Order No. U514282). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (899750510). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/899750510?accountid=139409
  121. Tobin, P. (2006). Managing Ourselves-Leading Others”.ICEL2006,Inspiring Leadership:Experientiallearning and leadership development.Vol.2,pp36-42. 6. The Center for Career Opportunities at Purdue University.
  122. Tomas, C.P. et al (2010).Soft skills in higher education: importance and improvement ratings as a function of individual differences and academic performance. Educational Psychology, 30(2), pp. 221-241. ISSN 0144-3410
  123. Tholen, G. (2010). Graduate employability in the knowledge-based economy : A comparison between great britain and the netherlands (Order No. U514282). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (899750510). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/899750510?accountid=139409
  124. Trichkova,P., I. (2014). A Capability Perspective on Employability of Higher Education Graduates in Bulgaria. Social Work & Society, 12, 2, 1-18.
  125. Trusty, J., Robinson, C., Plata, M., Kok-Mun, N. (2000). Effects of gender, socioeconomic status, and early academic performance on postsecondary education choice. Counseling and Development, 78(4), 463-472.
  126. UNESCO (2015). World Education Forum-2015 en.unesco.org/world-education-forum- 2015/5-key-themes/lifelonglearning
  127. Vidyullatha et,al (2016). Fundamental Elements of Employability Skills. http://ijmmsind.com/index.php/ijmms/article/view/480
  128. Wakelyn, P. (2007).Partnership for 21st Century Skills . The intellectual and policy foundations of the 21st century skills framework.
  129. Warrington, M & Younger, M. (2000). The other side of the gender gap. Gender and Education, 12(4), 493-509.
  130. Wel, B. (2013). 8 Essential Employability Skills. https://career-ready.blogs.latrobe.edu.au/2013/08/16/8-essenti al-employability-skills/ Wertz, P.K. (2015).How personalities affect communication, teamwork? Pennsylvania State University https://phys.org/news/2015-08-explores-personalities-affect-teamwork.html
  131. Wittekind, A., Raeder, S. and Grote, G. (2010).A longitudinal study of determinants of perceived employability. J. Organiz. Behav., 31: 566–586. doi:10.1002/job.646
  132. World Employment and Social Outlook (2017).ILO: Global unemployment expected to rise by 3.4 million in 2017
  133. World Bank Group (2015). Global Monitoring Report 2014/2015: Ending Poverty and sharingsperity. Washington DC: World Bank
  134. Xiaobing Zhang, X. (2013). University Students’ Employability Skills Model Based on Chinese Employer Perspective. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 2013, 1, 29- 33http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2013.13005 Published Online September 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jhrss)
  135. Yorke, M. (2004). Employability in higher education: What it iswhat it is not. http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/resources.asp?process=full_recording§ion
  136. Yolles MI (2009) Migrating Personality Theories Part 1: Creating Agentic Trait Psychology?Kybernetes 36: 897-924.
  137. Zinser, R. (2003). Developing career and employability skills: a US case study. Education and Training, 45(7), 402-410.