HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 5 no. 2 (2022)

The Relationship Between Loneliness and Boredom in the Purchasing Behavior AmongCollege Students During COVID-19 Pandemic

Mary Joy Cañete | Alliah Nicole Cuartero | Niña Pearl Montenegro | Antonette Jane Pasilan | Christal Lyn Pitogo | Sean May Pueblas | Ingred Rocabo | Ronald Yrog-Irog

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

Internet usage has surged as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic's lockdown and isolation, resulting in an increase in online purchasing. University students, in particular, were found to have displayed changes in purchasing behaviors. Despite society becoming increasingly technologically connected, levels of loneliness and boredom have changed as well. This study examined the relationship of loneliness and boredom on purchasing behaviors among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. UCLA Version 3 was used to assess loneliness, MSBS was used to measure boredom, and an adapted validated questionnaire was used to assess purchasing behavior. The questionnaires were completed by 182 students who were considered frequent purchasers. The results showed that university students have high levels of loneliness. They also scored the most in the disengagement subscale in the boredom scale. With the use of Pearson Correlation analysis, the study's result revealed a significant positive relationship between loneliness and purchasing behaviors. It was also discovered that boredom and purchasing behaviors had a significant positive relationship. In other words, students who expressed a higher level of boredom and loneliness engage more in purchasing behaviors. Loneliness and boredom were also discovered to have significant positive relationship. Students with higher levels of loneliness also tend to have higher levels of boredom. Furthermore, this research found gender disparities in these constructs. Females are more likely than males to engage in purchasing behaviors. Females were also discovered to have higher boredom levels than guys. And finally, there was no difference in the level of loneliness experienced by males and females.



References:

  1. Arda, M. & Andriana, D. (2019). Effect of Loneliness and Discount Price on Impulse Buying in Teenage Girls.
  2. Banerjee, D., & Rai, M. (2020). Social isolation in Covid-19: The impact of loneliness. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(6), 525– 527.
  3. Baumeister, Roy F., Tice, Dianne M. (1990), ―Point-Counterpoints: Anxiety and Social Exclusion,‖ Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9 (2), 165–95.
  4. Beck, A. T. (1963). Thinking and depression: I. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 9(4),324–333.
  5. Belk, R.W. (1988). ―Possessions and the Extended Self,‖ Journal of Consumer Research, 15 (September), 139-68.
  6. Bovornusvakool, W., Vodanovich, S. J., Ariyabuddhiphongs, K., & Ngamake, S. T.(2012). Examining the antecedents and consequences of workaholism. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 15(1),56–70.
  7. Bu, F., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 186, 31–34.
  8. Chin, A., Markey, A., Bhargava, S., Kassam, K. S., & Loewenstein, G. (2017). Bored in the USA: Experience Sampling and Boredom in Everyday Life. Emotion, 17, 359-368.
  9. Cudis, C. (2021). Filipinos lap up online shopping amid pandemic: survey. Philippine News Agency.
  10. Dahlen, Eric & Martin, Ryan & Ragan, Katie & Kuhlman, Myndi. (2004). Boredom proneness in anger and aggression: Effects of impulsiveness and sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences.37.1615-1627.
  11. Delelis, M.G.T. (2019). The Online Shopping Preferences of the Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology Students of The College of Business, Entrepreneurship, and Accountancy. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences. ISSN: 2278-6236.Impact Factor: 7.065.
  12. Edmunds, R., Thorpe, M., & Conole, G. (2010). Student attitudes towards and use of ICT in course study, work and social activity: A technology acceptance model approach, British Journal of Educational Technology. 43(1), 71-84
  13. Fahlman, S. A., Mercer-Lynn, K. B., Flora, D. B., & Eastwood, J. D. (2013). Development and Validation of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (thesis). SagePub.
  14. Farmer, R., & Sundberg, N. D. (1986). Boredom proneness—The development and correlates of a new scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 4 –17.
  15. Fogel, J. & Schneider, M., (2010). Understanding designer clothing purchases over the internet. J. Fash. Mark. Manag. [Ser. Online] 14 (3), 367–396.
  16. Habibi, M., Hosseini, F., Darharaj, M., Moghadamzadeh, A., Radfar, F. & Ghaffari, Y. (2018). Attachment Style, Perceived Loneliness, and Psychological Well-Being in Smoking and Non-Smoking University Students. The Journal of Psychology Interdisciplinary and Applied. 152.
  17. Hawkley, L. C. & Cacioppo, J. (2010). ―Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms,‖ Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 218- 227
  18. Increases seen in Internet shopping. (1999).
  19. Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Uses and gratifications research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509– 523.
  20. Katz, H., ―The Media Handbook: A Complete Guide to Advertising Media Selection, Planning, Research, and Buying. ǁ NJ, Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, p. 89, 2007.
  21. Labrague, L. J. , De los Santos, J. A. , Falguera, C. C. (2021). Social and emotional loneliness among college students during the COVID19 pandemic: The predictive role of coping behaviors, social support, and personal resilience.
  22. Leung, L. and Wei, R. (2000) More than Just Talk on the Move: Uses and Gratifications of the Cellulzr Phone. Journa-lism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77, 308-321.
  23. Maes, M., Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Van den Noortgate, W., & Goossens, L. (2019). Gender Differences in Loneliness across the Lifespan: A Meta–Analysis. European Journal of Personality, 33(6), 642–654.
  24. Mano, H. (1999). The influence of pre-existing negative affect on store purchase intentions. Journal of Retailing, 75(2), 149- 173,
  25. Michaelis, C. M. (2021). Are you lonely or bored? Recognize the difference between the two feelings.
  26. Mortimer, G., Hasan, S.M.F., Andrews, L., & Martin, J. (2016). Online grocery shopping: the impact of shopping frequency on perceived risk. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. 26. 1-22.
  27. One-Third of Internet Users Have Made Online Purchases.
  28. Park, H. J. (2015). The influences of boredom proneness, public selfconsciousness, and dressing style on internet shopping. The Research Journal of Costume Culture, 23(5), 876-893,
  29. Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Daniels, L. M., Stupnisky, R. H., & Perry, R. P. (2010). Boredom in achievement settings: Exploring control–value antecedents and performance outcomes of a neglected emotion. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 531–549.
  30. Perlman, D. & Peplau L.A. (1982). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 105-119). New York: John Wiley and Sons
  31. Peña-García, N., Gil-Saura, I., Rodríguez-Orejuela, A., & SiqueiraJunior, J. R. (2020, June 24). Purchase intention and purchase behavior online: A cross-cultural approach. Heliyon.
  32. Phuong, N. N. D., & Dat, N. T. (2017). The effect of country-oforigin on customer purchase intention: A study of functional products in Vietnam. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 4, 75–83.
  33. Pitney Bowes. (2020). ―All at Once: When Consumers, Culture, and COVID-19 Collide. Pitney Bowes.
  34. Pradhana, F., & Sastiono, P. (2019, March 1). Gender differences in online shopping: Are men more shopaholic online? | Atlantis press. Resolve a DOI Name. Rakuten Insight. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on Consumer behavior.
  35. Rubenstein, C. and Shaver, P. 1980. ―Loneliness in two northeastern cities‖. In The anatomy of loneliness, Edited by: Hartog, J., Audy, J. R. and Cohen, Y. A. 319–337. New York: International Universities Press.
  36. Sundstrom, M., Hjelm-Lidholm, S., & Radon, A. (2018). Clicking the boredom away- Exploring impulse fashion buying behavior online. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 47, 150- 156,
  37. Suresh, A.S. & Biswas, A. A. (2019). Study of Factors of Internet Addiction and Its Impact on Online Compulsive Buying Behaviour: Indian Millennial Perspective. Glob. Bus. Rev., 21, 1448–1465.
  38. Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(8), 531– 537.
  39. Severin, W.J. & Tankard, J.W. (2001). Communication theories: Origins, methods, and uses in the mass media. New York: Longman.
  40. Silvia, P. J. (2006). Exploring the Psychology of Interest. Oxford University Press
  41. Sinha, Jayati, Wang, Jing (2013), ―How Time Horizon Perceptions and Relationship Deficits Affect Impulsive Consumption,‖ Journal of Marketing Research, 50 (5), 590–605.
  42. Skues, J., Williams, B., Oldmeadow, J. & Wise, L., (2016). The Effects of Boredom, Loneliness, and Distress Tolerance on Problem Internet Use Among University Students. Int J Ment Health Addiction 14, 167–180.
  43. Solomon, M.R. & Rabolt, N.J. (2008). Consumer behavior in fashion (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson, Prentice Hall.
  44. Statista. (2021). Major B2C e-Commerce sites by monthly visits 2021.
  45. Sundstrom, M., Hjelm-Lidholm, S., & Radon, A. (2018). Clicking the boredom away- Exploring impulse fashion buying behavior online. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 47, 150- 156,
  46. Sunitha, C.K. & Gnanadhas, E. (2014). Online Shopping - An Overview. B-DIGEST. 6. 16-22.
  47. Suresh, A.S. & Biswas, A. A. (2019). Study of Factors of Internet Addiction and Its Impact on Online Compulsive Buying Behaviour: Indian Millennial Perspective. Glob. Bus. Rev., 21, 1448–1465
  48. Sygnius. (2020, December). Consumer Behavior Statistics You Should Know in 2022.
  49. Wang, J., Zhu, R.J. and Shiv, B. (2012). ―The Lonely Consumer: Loner or Conformer?‖ Journal of Consumer Research, 38 (April), 1116-28
  50. Washington State University. (2019). Boredom is on the rise for adolescents, especially girls. ScienceDaily.
  51. Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. The MIT Press.
  52. Weybright, E.H., Schulenberg, J., Caldwell, L.L. (2020) More bored today than yesterday? National trends in adolescent boredom from 2008 to 2017. J. Adolesc. Health, 66, 360–365.
  53. Xie, Jin. (2021). The Effects of Boredom on EFL Learners' Engagement. Frontiers in Psychology. 12.
  54. Yagci, M.I., & Cabuk, S., (2018), Marketing Theories (2nd ed.), Istanbul, Turkey: Mediacat