HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 7 no. 10 (2023)

Effects of Student’s Extracurricular Activities to School’s Internal Efficiency: Basis for School Improvement Management Plan

Arnielyn Caparros

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

This study sought to investigate the effects of students’ extracurricular activities to school’s internal efficiency as basis for formulating School Improvement Management Plan. The researcher utilized the self-made questionnaire among the ten (10) secondary schools of DepEd Alabat, Perez and Quezon in the 4th Congressional District of Quezon, with six teacher participants comprised of school heads and organization advisers in each school. Regression Analysis and Descriptive Evaluative method were used as statistical tool. Hence, it was revealed that the extracurricular activities implemented in school are generally more practiced. For the last three school years 2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, and 2021-2022, school enrolment rate is 838.00, 829, 824.30 and 828.30, respectively. The school dropout rate is 0.78%, 1.58%, 0.81% and 0.51%, respectively. The school completion rate is 98.86%, 97.46%, 96.71% and 96.78%, respectively. The significant effect of the conduct of extracurricular activities to the school internal efficiency for enrolment rate for student governance (0.463), community service (0.550), youth formation (0.634), and academic clubs (0.950); dropout rate for student governance (0.630), community service (0.924), youth formation (0.919), and academic clubs (0.736); completion rate for student governance (0.857), community service (0.235), youth formation (0.192) and academic clubs (0.804) failed to reject the null hypothesis and mark as not significant. It can be noted that extracurricular activities and school efficiency foster both benefit to the learners and the school. Further, school management need to focus more on developing strategies to promote the school efficiency and craft more interactive activities to create harmonious learning environment to learners and build a strong pedagogy for the community.



References:

  1. Abdullah, A. G. K., Ying-Leh, L., and Ying, M. H. (2016) Teachers' Morale and School Effectiveness in Secondary Schools of Sibu, Sarawak International Journal of Education, Culture and Society 2016; 1(2): 52-57 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijecs doi: 10.11648/j.ijecs.20160102.14
  2. Amabile, et al., (1996); Runco 2004. Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity. And Judgments of originality and appropriateness as predictors of creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 537-546.
  3. Astin, A. W. (2015). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 40,5 1 8 - 5 2 9 . https://search-proquestcom.ezproxy.liberty.edu/docview/195180247?pq-origsite=summon
  4. Bakirci, H., Turkdogan, A., & Guler, M. (2012). Is my school an effective school? Headmaster and teacher views‘. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 3471- 3476.
  5. Badulescu, A. (2016) decreasing school dropout rate as a factor of economic growth and social empowerment. Theoretical insights. The Annals of the University of Oradea. Economic Sciences XXV (1):457-464 License CC BY-NC 4.0
  6. Barnett, L. (2008). Perceived benefits to children from participating in different types of recreational activities. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 26(3), 1-20.
  7. Benson, P. (2017). Language learning beyond the classroom: Access all areas. Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal, 8(2), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.37237/080206
  8. Berggren et al., 2008; Kapsali, M.,2011 Systems thinking in innovation project management: A match that works, International J o u r n a l of P r o j e c t M a n a g e m e n t ( 2 0 1 1 ) , doi:10.1016 /j.ijp ro man .201 1.0 1.0 03
  9. Best, J. W. & Kahn, J. (2014) Research in Education: New Delhi: Prentice Hall of. India Pvt. Ltd.
  10. Bitwum (2021). Extracurricular Activities has a positive effect and academic performance of first year accounting students at an Irish University. Journal of Accounting Education, 26, 202-212.
  11. Blomfield, C. J., & Barber, B. L. (2009). Brief report: Performing on the stage, the field, or both? Australian adolescent extracurricular activity participation and self-concept. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 733–739.
  12. BOARD REGULATION No. 5 Series of 2007 SUBJECT: INSTITUTIONALIZING THE BARKADA KONTRA DROGA P R O G R A M https://www.ddb.gov.ph/images/Board_Regulation/2007/Bd.%20Reg.%205%2007.pdf
  13. Broh, B. A. (2002). Linking extracurricular programming to academic achievement: Who benefits and why? Sociology of Education, 75(1), 69–95.
  14. Brown, M. D. (2000). Science or soccer? -- how important are extracurricular activities? Retrieved February 13, 2011, from E d u c a t i o n W o r l d w e b s i t e : http://www.educationworld.com/_curr/.shtml
  15. Brown, R. (n.d.). Extracurricular activity: How does participation encourage positive youth development? (Fact Sheet 99-32). R e t r i e v e d N o v e m b e r 1 5 , 2 0 0 8 , f r o m : www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/cy/other/fs9932.pdf
  16. Buckley, P. & Lee, P.,(2018). The impact of the extra-curricular activity on the student Experience. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787418808988 on 12 March 2020
  17. Calvert, S. L., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2013). The influence of television, video games, and the Internet on children’s imagination and creativity. In M. Taylor (Ed.), Oxford handbook of the development of imagination (pp. 438–450). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
  18. Campbell, L. (2003—2004). As strong as the weakest link: Urban high school dropout. High School Journal, 87(2), 16—25.
  19. Carroll, J. B. (2013). A model of school learning. Teachers College Record, 64, 723-733
  20. Chemutai, L., & Chumba, S. (2014). Student Councils Participation in Decision Making in Public Secondary Schools in Kericho West Sub County, Kenya,„. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(6), 850–858.
  21. Christle, C. A., Jolivette, K., & Nelson, C. M. (2007). School Characteristics Related to High School Dropout Rates. Remedial and S p e c i a l E d u c a t i o n , 2 8 ( 6 ) , 3 2 5 – 3 3 9 . https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325070280060201
  22. Cohn, E., & Rossmiller, R. A. (2001). Research on effective schools: implications for less developed countries. Comparative Education Review, 31(3), 377-399
  23. Cosden, M., Morrison, G., Gutierrez, L., & Brown, M. (2004, August). The effects of homework programs and after-school activities on school success. Theory into Practice , v43, n 3 ( 0 0 4 0 - 5 8 4 1 ) , 2 2 0 - 2 2 6 . R e t r i e v e d f r o m http://web.ebscohost.com//detail?hid=111&sid=f82bdbec-1525-4f5a-9257eae76369e122%40sessionmgr111&vid=7&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=ericAN=EJ683351
  24. Daggett, W. R. (2019). Successful Schools: From Research to Action Plans. Paper presented at June 2005 Model Schools Conference. Retrieved http://www.daggett.com/white_papers.html
  25. Damiani, J. (2016). Unlocking students‟ perspectives of school leadership: toward a theory of engaging students in school leadership. International Journal of Student Voice, 1(1). Retrieved f r o m https://ijsv.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Damiani-2016-.pdf
  26. Damon, W. (2004). What is positive youth development? Ann. Am. Acad. Pol. Soc. Sci. 591, 13–24. doi: 10.1177/0002716203260092 Dangerous Drugs Board Regulation No. 5, s. 2007 titled “Institutionalizing the Barkada Kontra Droga (BKD) Program
  27. Daniel T. L. Shek, Xiaoqin Zhu, Diya Dou & Wenyu Chai (2020) Influence of Family Factors on Substance Use in Early Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study in Hong Kong, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 52:1, 66-76, DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2019.1707333
  28. Davis, B. (2014) Applying Dale’s Cone of Experience to increase learning and retention: A study of student learning in a foundational leadership course DO:10.5339/qproc.2015.wcee2014.6
  29. Davis B, Summers M. Applying Dale’s Cone of Experience to increase learning and retention: A study of student learning in a foundational leadership course, QScience Proceedings (World Congress on Engineering Education 2014) 2015:6 http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qproc.2015.wcee2014.6
  30. Davis B, Summers M. Applying Dale’s Cone of Experience to increase learning and retention: A study of student learning in a foundational leadership course, QScience Proceedings (World Congress on Engineering Education 2014) 2015:6 http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qproc.2015.wcee2014.DepEd Memorandum No. 254, s 2007 Thrusts and Activities of the Youth for Environment in Schools Organization (YES-O) https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DM_s2007_254.pdf
  31. DepEd Order No. 8, s 2013 Conduct of Press Conferences at School, Dsitrict, and Division Levels
  32. DepEd Order No. 12, S. 2012 – Revised Guidelines On The Hiring Of Teacher I Positions Based On The Reform Actions In Basic Education Sector Reform Agenda (Besra)
  33. DepEd Order No. 34 s 2022 School Calendar and Activities for the School Year 2022-2023 DO_s2022_034.pdf (deped.gov.ph)
  34. DepEd Order No. 43, s 2005 Standard Constitution and by-Laws of the Supreme Student Government for Secondary Schools https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2005/07/DO_s2005_043.pdf
  35. DepEd Order No. 44, s 2015, Guidelines on the Enhanced School Improvement Planning (SIP) Process and the School Report Card (SRC)
  36. DepEd Order No. 47, s 2014 Constitution and By-Laws of the Supreme Pupil Government and Supreme Student Government in Elementary and Secondary School
  37. DepEd Order No 49, S. 2011 Mandated Programs, Projects and Activities of the Supreme Student Government DO_s2011_49.pdf (deped.gov.ph)
  38. DepEd Order No 62, s. 2022 Brigada Eskwela Implementing Guidelines
  39. DepEd Order 72, s 2003 Establishment of the Youth for Environment in Schools (YES)
  40. DepEd stresses importance of co-curricular activities on learners’well-being amid pandemic in the first-ever online NFOT https://www.deped.gov.ph/2022/02/09/deped-stresses-importance-of-co-curricular-activities-on-learners-well-being-amid-pandemic-inthe-first-ever-online-nfot/
  41. Dewey, John. (1987: 79;Armstrong 2020). Democracy and educational administration. In: Dewey, John. The later works: 1935-1937. v.11. Ed. Jo Ann Boydson. Southern Illinois University Press, 1987. p. 217-225.
  42. DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. (2013) Introduction. In W. W.Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 1-38). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  43. Division Memorandum DM No. 128, s 2022 Securing Hands- On Advisership for Reliable Program Implementation (SHARP): Division- Wide Capacity Building for Barkada Kontra Droga (BKD) Teacher-Advisers
  44. D’Amico, M. M., Morgan, G. B., Katsinas, S. G., Adair, J. L., & Miller, M. T. (2017). A national analysis of noncredit community college education: Enrollment, funding, accountability, and contextual issues. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 41(4), 288- 302. doi:10.1080/10668926.2016.1251349
  45. Ebede, Stanley Somtochukwu, "The impact of student organizations on the development of core competencies" (2015). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 192. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/192
  46. Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L., Stone, M., & Hunt, J. (2003).
  47. Extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 865-889. Retrieved October 3, 2006, from Academic Search Elite database.
  48. Eccles, J. (2003). Extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, 59(4),865-889.
  49. Edmonds, R. R. (2011). Search for Effective Schools. NIE, East Lansing, MI. The Institute for Research on Teaching, College of Education, Michigan State University.
  50. Extra-Curricular Activities and Well-Being: Results From a Survey of Undergraduate University Students During COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions
  51. Fares, J., Saadeddin, Z., Al Tabosh, H., Aridi, H., El Mouhayyar, C., Koleilat, M. K., et al. (2016). Extracurricular activities associated with stress and burnout in preclinical medical students. J.
  52. Epidemiol. Glob. Health 6, 177–185. doi: 10.1016/j.jegh.2015.10.003
  53. Finn JD (2013). School Engagement and Students at Risk. National. Center for Education Statistics, Washington, DC
  54. Finnerty R. et al (2021). Etra-curricular activities and Well-being Results from a Survey of Undergraduate University Students during C O V I D 1 9 L o c k d o w n R e s t r i c t i o n s https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647402/full #B15
  55. Fredricks, 1., & Eccles, 1. (2006). Is extracurricular participation associated with beneficial outcomes? Concurrent and longitudinal relations. Developmental Psychology, 42(4),698-713.
  56. Foshee, C. M., Elliott, S. N., & Atkinson, R. K. (2016). Technology enhanced learning in college mathematics remediation. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(5), 893-905. doi:10.1111/bject.12285
  57. Fredricks, J. A. (2011). Extracurricular participation and academic outcomes: Testing the over- scheduling hypothesis. Journal of Youth a n d A d o l e s c e n c e . R e t r i e v e d f r o m http://www.springerlink.com/content/c6259h395p8w45tu/fulltext.pdf
  58. Fullan, M. (2013) Stratosphere: Integrating Technology, Pedagogy and Change Knowledge Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto
  59. Gardner, M., Roth, J., & Brooks-Gunn, 1. (2008). Adolescents' participation in organized activities and developmental success 2 and 8 years after high school: Do sponsorship, duration, and intensity matter? Developmental Psychology, 44(3),814-830.
  60. Garland A. (2010) Assessing the Relationship between Student Involvement and Academic Performance in Higher Education. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=theses
  61. Garland, Azurdee M., "Assessing the Relationship between Student Involvement and Academic Performance in Higher Education"(2010). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 212. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/212
  62. Gonzalez, J. & Morales L. (2020) Factors that influence learner engagement and completion rate in an xMOOC on energy and sustainability. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, Vol.12, No.2. Jun 2020Tecnologico de Monterrey, México
  63. Grice C. (2019) The effect of decreasing enrollment patterns in a title school surrounded by economic decline on 5th-grade students’ achievement, behavior, parent involvement, and teacher mobility r a t e s . https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=studentwork
  64. Grubisich (2017) The Relationship Between Participation in Community Service and Students Academic Success. Retrieved f r o m https://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3621&context=theses
  65. Guilmette, M., Mulvihill, K., Villemaire-Krajden, R., and Barker, E.T. (2019). Past and present participation in extracurricular activities is associated with adaptive self-regulation of goals, academic success, and emotional wellbeing among university students. Learn. Individ. Differ. 73, 8–15. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2019.04.006
  66. Hada, B. (2008). Internal efficiency of primary education system in the context of Kathmandu Valley of Nepal (Unpublished Doctoral Research paper dissertation, Faculty of Education, Dean OfficeKirtput). Retrieved from Nepaknol.net/cdc/d/pages/download.php?
  67. Hawthorne & Johnson (2011) Effective engagement of Stakeholders and "Joan Hawthorne receives national recognition" (2011). UND News Features. 118. https://commons.und.edu/features-archive/118
  68. Hayes, R.L., Nelson, J., Tabin, M., Pearson, G., & Worthy, C. (2002). Using school-wide data to advocate for student success. Professional School Counseling, 6(2), 86—95.
  69. House, J. (2000). The effects of student involvement on the development of academic self- concept. Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 261-263.
  70. Hilbert, T. A (2015) Mentoring as a Pathway to Addressing Chronic Ab sen teeism in Urban High Scho ol Acad emies tyesh ia.h ilb ert@stud en t.sh u.ed u
  71. Holloway, J. H. (2002, September). Extracurricular activities and student motivation. Retrieved February 13, 2011, from ASCD website: http://www.ascd.org//leadership////ExtracurricularActivities-and-Student-Motivation.aspx
  72. Jordan, K. (2014). Initial trends in enrolment and completion of massive open online courses. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 15(1), 133–160.
  73. Kaguma, V. W. (2012). Girl’s completion rate in public mixed day secondary schools in Kirinyaga West District, Kenya (Unpublished M. Ed Research Project). Kenyatta University, Kiambu
  74. Kapsali, 2011M. Kapsali Systems thinking in innovation project management: A match that works International Journal of Project Management, 29 (2011), pp. 396-40
  75. Kim, J., & Bastedo, M. N. (2017). Athletics, clubs, or music? The influence of college extracurricular activities on job prestige and satisfaction. Journal of Education and Work, 30(3), 249–269.
  76. Kirk, D. J. and Jones, T. L. (2017). Effective Schools (Assessment Report). San Antonio, TX: Pearson Education.
  77. Kulp, A. M., Pascale, A. B., & Grandstaff, M. (2019). Types of extracurricular campus activities first-year students’ academic success. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 0(0), 1-21. doi:10.1177/1521025119876249
  78. Lamb, S. and Rice, S. (2018). Effective Intervention Strategies for Students at Risk of Early Leaving. Centre for Post-compulsory Education and Lifelong Learning The University of Melbourne. http://samordningsforbund.se/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2014/06/rapport_university_of_melborne_080501.pd
  79. Lamborn et al., 2012 Lamborn, D.S., Mounts N., Steinberg S., Dornbusch S. M. (1991). Patterns of Competence and Adjustment among Adolescents from Authoritative, Authoritorian, Indulgent, and Neglectful. Child Development, vol. 62, 1049-1065.
  80. Larson, R. W. & Verma, S. 2014. “How children and adolescents spend time across the world: Work, play, and developmental opportunities.” Psychological Bulletin 125: 701-736.
  81. Leith Wood, K.A. and Riehl, C. (2003) What We Know about Successful School Leadership. National College for School Leadership, Nottingham
  82. Lezotte, L. (2012). Revolutionary and Evolutionary: The Effective School’s Movement. Okemos, MI: Effective Schools Products.
  83. Linda (2015) Adolescent Leisure from a Developmental and Prevention Perspective (PDF) Adolescent Leisure from a Developmental and Prevention Perspective (researchgate.net)
  84. Lipscomb, S. (2007). Secondary school extracurricular involvement and academic achievement: A fixed effects approach. Economics of E d u c a t i o n R e v i e w , 2 6 ( 4 ) , 4 6 3 - 4 7 2 . d oi:10.1016 /j.econ edu rev .20 06 .02 .00 6
  85. Liu, L., He, R., & Cai, M. (2018). The exploration and analysis of completion rate and efficiency rate of MOOC based on data analysis – Taking ancient chinese architectural art as an example. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Social Science (ISSS).
  86. Lucero J. (2016) Students’ Satisfaction on the Supreme Student G o v e r n m e n t S e r v i c e s : Basis for Act io n Plan https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jeffrey-Lucero-3/publication/348619306_Students%27_Satisfaction_on_the_Supreme_Student_Government_Services_Basis_for_Action
    _Plan/links/6007ba8845851553a058465f/Students-Satisfaction-on-the-Supreme-StudentGovernment-Services-Basis-for-Action-Plan.pdf
  87. Lumsden, K. (2013). Boy Racer Culture: Youth, Masculinity and D e v i a n c e ( 1 s t e d . ) . R o u t l e d g e . https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203083314.
  88. Luschei, T. F., Dimyati, S., & Padmo, D. (2020). Maintaining e3- learning while transitioning to online instruction: The case of the\ Open University of Indonesia. Distance Education, 29(2), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587910802154962
  89. Macharia, R. W. (2013). Impact of free secondary education policy\ on internal efficiency of day secondary schools in Gatanga District of Murang’a County. (Unp
  90. Mahoney, J. L., Larson, R., Eccles, J. S., & Lord, H. 2005. “Organized activities as developmental contexts for children and adolescents.” In Organized Activities as Contexts of Development: Extracurricular Activities, After-School and Community Programs, edited by J. L. Mahoney, R. Larson & J. S. Eccles. Mahwah, New Jersey: Erlbaum
  91. Malipot, Merlina Hernando (February 9, 2022) Why extra-curricular activities are important in students’ well-being amid the pandemic,Manila Bulletin Why extra-curricular activities are important in students’ well-being amid the pandemic – Manila Bulletin (mb.com.ph)
  92. Marbury A. (2021) The impact of extracurricular activities and attendance on student achievement at a mississippi community c o l l e g e . L i b e r t y U n i v e r s i t y https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4418&context=doctoral
  93. McCarthy (2014). The Effects of Student Activity Participation, Gender, Ethnicity, and Socio-Economic Level on High School Student Grade Averages and Attendance
  94. McClusky-Titus, P. (2013). Assessing What Students Learn from Involvement in Campus Activities. Campus Activities Programming, 35(7), 49-54.
  95. Meyer, M et al. (2019) Students’ Community Service: Self-Selection and the Effects of Participation. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0899764019848492
  96. Metsapelto, R. L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2011). Socioemotional behavior and school achievement in relation to extracurricular activity participation in middle childhood. Scandinavian Journal of E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h , 5 6 ( 2 ) , 167 - 182. d oi:10.1080 /00 3138 31 .201 1.58 1681
  97. Monaghan, D. B., & Attewell, P. (2015). The community college route to the bachelor’s degree. Educational and Policy Analysis, 37, 70-91. doi:10.3102/0162373714521865
  98. Murumbakiveu, N., Sang, A. K., and Ngesa, F. (2017). Factors influencing internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Bungma County. Internation Murumbakiveu, Noah, et al. "Teachers Perceptions of The Relationship Between Learners Discipline And Internal Efficiency of Public Secondary Schools in Bungoma County." International Journal of New Technology and Research, vol. 3, no. 10, Oct. 2017.
  99. Muthaa, G. (2015) Impact of Enrollment on the Quality of Learning in Primary Schools in Imenti Central District, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.or ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.6, No.27, 2015
  100. Mwangi, G. (2012). Assessment of internal efficiency of public day secondary schools and Its impact on KCSE performance of Central Division, Machakos District (Unpublished M. Ed Research Project).Kenyatta University, Kiambu.
  101. Nairobi City County (2014). Taskforce on the improvement of performance of public primary schools and transition rate from primary to secondary education in the Nairobi City County.
  102. Kenya Literature Bureau: Nairobi.
  103. Ndolo et al. (2016) Impact of free Secondary Education Policy on Primary to Secondary Education Transition Rate in Kenya: A case study of Mbita and Suba Sub- Counties Department of Educational Management and Foundations, Maseno University Corresponding Author’s Email: simatwae@yahoo.com
  104. Ngari, E. M. (2020). Influence of school strategies on internal efficiency in constituency funded day secondary schools in Nairobi, Kenya. African Educational Research Journal, 8(4): 649-663.
  105. Nieto, S., & Bode, P. (2018). Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education, (5th ed.). New York: Pearson.No Child Left Behind Act of 2010. Senate Bill 2366. 2010.
  106. Nthiga, N. (2014). Strategies adopted in enhancing learners’ retention in public secondary schools in Embakasi District, Kenya (Unpublished M.B.A Research Project). Kenyatta University, Kiambu.
  107. Okungu, J. O., Orwa, G., and Mung’atu, J. (2014). The retention rates of students in public secondary schools using the cox proportional hazard model: A case of Kisumu County, Kenya. Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modeling, 4(10): 180-189.
  108. Okungu et al. International Journal for Equity in Health (2014) 16:39 DOI 10.1186/s12939-017-0535-9
  109. Ondere, J. S. (2012). A study on causes of drop out among girls in selected mixed day secondary schools in Kasarani District, Nairobi County, Kenya (Unpublished M. Ed Research Project). Kenyatta University, Kiambu Organization https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2003/
  110. Palmer, A. N, Elliott, W., & Cheatham, G. A. (2017). Effects of extracurricular activities on postsecondary completion for students with disabilities. The Journal of Educational Research, 110(2), 151-158. doi:10.1080/00220671.2015.1058221
  111. Rebusa AMD, Refogio LR & San Jose (2021). Looking at the no child left behind policy: the implementers’ perspectives. Sociol Int J.2022;6(5):251‒254. DOI: 10.15406/sij.2022.06.00295
  112. Reeves, D. B. (2008). The extracurricular advantage. Education Leadership, 86-87. REPUBLIC ACT No. 7079 (July 5, 1991) AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Eighth Congress https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7079_1991.html
  113. Republic Act No. 9165 ] An Act Instituting The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act Of 2002, Repealing Republic Act No. 6425, Otherwise Known As The Dangerous Drugs Act Of 1972, As Amended, Providing Funds Therefor, And For Other Purposes
  114. Republic of Kenya (2004). Constituency development fund, 2003: Act No.11 of 2003. Nairobi: Government Printer.
  115. Republic of Kenya (2008). Education statistical booklet 2003 – 2007. Nairobi: Government Printer.
  116. Republic of Kenya. (2012a).Task Force on the Re-Alignment of the Education Sector to the Constitution of Kenya 2010.Nairobi; Government Printer.
  117. Republic of Kenya (2013a). Sessional paper no. 14 of 2012: A policy framework for education and training. Nairobi: Government Printer.
  118. Republic of Kenya (2013b). The basic education act, 2013: No.14 of 2013. Nairobi: Government Printer.
  119. Republic of Kenya (2014). 2014 basic education statistical booklet. Retrieved from https//www.kicd.ac.ke/images/ICT/2014BasicEducationStatisticalBooklet. Republic of Kenya (2015). National education sector plan 2013-2018. Nairobi: Government Printer.
  120. Roelofs, A. (2003). Goal-referenced selection of verbal action: Modeling attentional control in the Stroop task. Psychological R e v i e w , 1 1 0 ( 1 ) , 8 8 – 1 2 5 . https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.88
  121. Rumberger, R. W. (2011). Dropping out: Why students drop out of high school and what can be done about it. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674063167
  122. Russell, E. J. (2014). All work and no play: The role of extracurricular activity participation on Georgia’s ninth grade English end-of-course test. [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Capella University.
  123. Rutter, M. (1983) Rutter, M. (1983). School effects on pupil progress: Research findings and policy implications. Child development, 1-29.
  124. Sadker, D. M., & Zittleman, K. (2010). The extra curriculum. In Sadker, D. M., & Zittleman, K., Teachers, schools, and society (9 th ed.,189–190). McGraw-Hill.
  125. Scheerens, J. (2015). Theories on educational effectiveness and ineffectiveness. School effectiveness and school improvement, 26(1), 10-31.
  126. Schreiber B. & Luescher T. (2020) Student Governance: Student Affairs and Services Functions in Higher Education: Professional Services and Programs Delivered for Enhancement of Student Learning and Success. Student Affairs and Services in Higher Education: Global Foundations, Issues and Best Practices (3rd ed (pp.338-341) Publisher: DSW Berlin
  127. Selznick, P. (2017). Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. Evanston, Ill:Row, Peterson.
  128. Sener & Hawkins (2017) Factors Affecting Completion Rates in Asynchronous Online Facilitated Faculty Professional Development C o u r s e s R e t r i e v e d f r o m https://www.itdl.org/Journal/Dec_07/article03.htm
  129. Shaffer, M. L. (2019). Impacting student motivation: Reasons for not eliminating extracurricular activities. Journal of Physical E d u ca t io n , Re c r e a ti o n & Dan ce, 9 0 (7 ), 8 -14. doi:10.1080 /07 3030 84 .201 9.16 3730 8
  130. Shek, D. T. L., Dou, D., Zhu, X., and Chai, W. Y. (2019). Positive youth development: current perspectives. Adolesc. Health Med. 10, 131–141. doi: 10.2147/AHMT.S179946
  131. Shek, D. & Chai, W. (2020) The Impact of Positive Youth Development Attributes and Life Satisfaction on Academic WellBeing: A Longitudinal Mediation Study. Front. Psychol., 01 Septemb er 2020 Sec. Ed u cation al Psy ch o lo g y https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02126
  132. Shulruf B. et al (2018) Extracurricular activities in school, do they matter? April 2008Children and Youth Services Review 30(4):418-426 DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.10.012
  133. Shulruf, B., Tumen, S., & Tolley, H. (2007). Extracurricular activities in school, do they matter? Children and Youth Services Review, 30(5), 418-426. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2007.10.012
  134. Simon 2006, 'Enhancement of Creative Thinking Skills Using a Cognitive-Based Creativity Training.' Journal of Cognitive Enhancement 1-11
  135. Stanard, R.P. (2003). High school graduation rates in the United States: Implications for the counseling profession. Journal of Counseling and Development, 81, 217—222.
  136. Strickhouser, J. E., Zell, E., and Krizan, Z. (2017). Does personality predict health and well-being? A metasynthesis. Health Psychol. 36, 797–810. doi: 10.1037/hea0000475
  137. Tariq N. (2018) Effects of Extracurricular acticities on students https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327052180_Effects_of_Extracurricular_Activities_on_Students
  138. Tenhouse, A. (n.d.). College Extracurricular activities – Impact on students, types of extracurricular activities. Retrieved April 29,2020, from
  139. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (unov.org)
  140. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) (2009). Education indicators technical guidelines. Retrieved from www.unesco.org.
  141. UNESCO (2012). Education for All global monitoring report. R e t r i e v e d f r o m www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/../gmr2012-report-ch5./df
  142. UNESCO (2014). Systematic monitoring of Education for All. R e t r i e v e d f r o m www.unescobkk.org/education/efatraining/module-a3/annex-3/.
  143. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) (2009). Education indicators technical guidelines. Retrieved from www.unesco.org.
  144. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) (2011). Global education digest: comparing education statistics across the world. R
  145. Verma (2019), Sustainable Development and Environmental Ethics (June 30, 2019). International Journal on Environmental Sciences, 10 (1): 1-5, January-June 2019, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3689046
  146. World Bank (2013). Education year in review: Smarter education systems for brighter futures.
  147. World Bank (2014). Annual Report 2013 on school enrolment, secondary. Washington D.C: World Bank.
  148. World Bank (2014) Most Developed countries had high internal efficiency with African Educational Research Journal Vol. 8(4), pp.649-663, October 2020
  149. Zamir, N. A. (2020). A Review of School Effectiveness Theory for School Improvement. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(3), 113–123