HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 4 no. 9 (2022)

Improving the Teaching-Learning Process Through the Use of Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) Program

Angell Sardalla

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

Managing the social and emotional aspects of a teacher is vital in promoting a classroom conducive to learning especially during this time of the pandemic. In the educational sector, little attention was given to the teacher as everyone is focused more on the different factors affecting the learners’ academic performance. This study aimed to enhance the Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) skills and competencies of public elementary teachers through the SEL Program. The study used a quasiexperimental design specifically a one-shot pretest and posttest with a t-test as the analysis tool. Simple random sampling was employed in selecting the 132 respondents from 30 public schools in Aloguinsan District, Cebu Province, Philippines. The findings of the study revealed that all the constructs under Social and Emotional Competence (SEC) which are Self- Awareness, SelfManagement/ Emotion Regulation, Social Awareness, Relationships or Social Skills, Responsible Decision Making garnered a p-value of 0.00 interpreted as significant after the SEL program was administered. Therefore, this program can be used in improving the SEC of the teachers, and thus, enhancing the program through evaluating its effectiveness is highly recommended.



References:

  1. Abucejo, C. M., Amodia, J. B., Calorin, R., Deo, N. F., Fuentes, M. J., Lamila, K. N., ... & Minyamin, A. (2022). Going Back to Elementary Years: The Parents Lived Experiences in Modular Distance Learning. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(6), 477-489. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6791851
  2. Akbarjono, A., Siregar, N. S. S., La Abute, E., & Zainuri, A. (2021). Communication Patterns of Islamic Religious Education Teachers and Parents in the Covid-19 Pandemic. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 13(3), 2939-2950. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v13i3.1495
  3. Aldrup, K., Carstensen, B., Köller, M. M., & Klusmann, U. (2020). Measuring teachers’ social-emotional competence: Development and validation of a situational judgment test. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 892. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00892
  4. Aldrup, K., Klusmann, U., Lüdtke, O., Göllner, R., & Trautwein, U. (2018). Student misbehavior and teacher well-being: Testing the mediating role of the teacher-student relationship. Learning and instruction, 58, 126-136.
  5. Alicke, M., Zhang, Y., & Stephenson, N. (2020). Self-Awareness and Self-Knowledge. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.743
  6. Alves, R., Lopes, T., & Precioso, J. (2021). Teachers' well-being in times of Covid-19 pandemic: factors that explain professional well-being. IJERI: International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, (15), 203-217.  https://doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.5120
  7. Ando, K., Basilisco, J., Deniega, A., Gador, K., Geraldo, P. J., Gipulao, W. E. M., ... & Minyamin, A. (2022). Learning without Learning in the New Normal: College Education Students Lived Experiences in Blended Learning Modality. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(6), 455-464. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6791799
  8. BAHINTING, M. A., Ardiente, M., Endona, J., Herapat, M. A., Lambo, D., Librea, H. J., ... & Minyamin, A. (2022). Stronger than the Internet Connectivity: A Phenomenology. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(6), 465-476. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6791820
  9. Bandura, A., & Hall, P. (2018). Albert bandura and social learning theory. Learning theories for early years practice, 63.
  10. Bayoumy, H. M. M., & Alsayed, S. (2021). Investigating relationship of perceived learning engagement, motivation, and academic performance among nursing students: A multisite study. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 12, 351.
  11. Beauchamp, G., Hulme, M., Clarke, L., Hamilton, L., & Harvey, J. A. (2021). ‘People miss people’: A study of school leadership and management in the four nations of the United Kingdom in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 375-392.
  12. Bellibaş, M. Ş., & Gümüş, S. (2021). The effect of learning-centred leadership and teacher trust on teacher professional learning: Evidence from a centralised education system. Professional development in education, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2021.1879234
  13. Brackett, M. A., & Rivers, S. E. (2014). Transforming students’ lives with social and emotional learning. International handbook of emotions in education, 368.
  14. Cabello, C. A., & Bonotan, A. M. (2021). Designing and Validating an Instrument to Assess the Wellness of Business Process Outsources’ Customer Service Associates. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 9(1), 1-11.
  15. Cabello, C. A. (2022). An evaluative study of business process outsources’ work-life
  16. balance policies and programs among customer service associates. International   Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S3), 9431–9446. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS3.8251
  17. Cabello, C. A. (2022). Higher Education Professors in Blended Learning Modality of Teaching: The Silent Tears of Heroes Towards Resiliency. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 6171-6183.
  18. Cabello, C. A. (2022). Part-Time Instructors in the Higher Education Institutions: The Less, The Limited, The Left-over, and The Survivors. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 6202-6214.Cabello, C. A. (2022). Part-Time Instructors in the Higher Education Institutions: The Less, The Limited, The Left-over, and The Survivors. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 6202-6214.
  19. Çetin, F., & Aşkun, D. (2018). The effect of occupational self-efficacy on work performance through intrinsic work motivation. Management Research Review.  https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-03-2017-0062
  20. Chen, J. K., Wang, S. C., Chen, Y. W., & Huang, T. H. (2021). Family climate, social relationships with peers and teachers at school, and school bullying victimization among third grade students in elementary schools in Taiwan. School mental health, 13(3), 452-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-020-09404-8
  21. Chen, Y., Gao, L., Lippke, S., Xiang, Z., & Gan, Y. (2021). Harmonious personality and work–family conflicts: The multiple mediating roles of social support and self‐control. PsyCh Journal, 10(6), 889-897. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.476
  22. Cherng, H. Y. S., & Davis, L. A. (2019). Multicultural matters: An investigation of key assumptions of multicultural education reform in teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 70(3), 219-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487117742884
  23. Collie, R. J. (2017). Teachers’ social and emotional competence: Links with social and emotional learning and positive workplace outcomes. In Social and emotional learning in Australia and the Asia-Pacific (pp. 167-184). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3394-0_9
  24. Collie, R. J., & Perry, N. E. (2019). Cultivating teacher thriving through social–emotional competence and its development. The Australian Educational Researcher, 46(4), 699-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-019-00342-2
  25. Dhanakotti, E., & Rajendran, P. (2020). Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator in Reducing Academic Stress Among School Students. Psycho-Social Perspectives on Mental Health and Well-Being, 177-203.
  26. Dodman, S. L., DeMulder, E. K., View, J. L., Swalwell, K., Stribling, S., Ra, S., & Dallman, L. (2019). Equity audits as a tool of critical data-driven decision making: Preparing teachers to see beyond achievement gaps and bubbles. Action in Teacher Education, 41(1), 4-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2018.1536900
  27. Duong, M. T., Pullmann, M. D., Buntain-Ricklefs, J., Lee, K., Benjamin, K. S., Nguyen, L., & Cook, C. R. (2019). Brief teacher training improves student behavior and student–teacher relationships in middle school. School Psychology, 34(2), 212. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000296
  28. Eddy, M., Blatt-Gross, C., Edgar, S. N., Gohr, A., Halverson, E., Humphreys, K., & Smolin, L. (2021). Local-level implementation of Social Emotional Learning in arts education: Moving the heart through the arts. Arts Education Policy Review, 122(3), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2020.1788681
  29. Eitel, A., Endres, T., & Renkl, A. (2020). Self-management as a bridge between cognitive load and self-regulated learning: The illustrative case of seductive details. Educational Psychology Review, 32(4), 1073-1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09559-5
  30. Ertürk, R. (2022). Conflict in schools: A qualitative study. Participatory Educational Research, 9(1), 251-270. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.14.9.1
  31. Ferreira, M., Martinsone, B., & Talić, S. (2020). Promoting sustainable social emotional learning at school through relationship-centered learning environment, teaching methods and formative assessment. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 22(1), 21-36. DOI: 10.2478/jtes-2020-0003
  32. Fielding, J., Geiger, V., Miller, J., Bruder, R., Towara, U., & Ratnayake, I. (2022). Using situated expectancy value theory to explore initial teacher education students' motivation to engage with challenging mathematical tasks. Teaching and Teacher Education, 113, 103663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103663
  33. Goleman, D. (2018). What makes a leader?. In Military Leadership (pp. 39-52). Routledge.
  34. Gümüş, S., Arar, K., & Oplatka, I. (2021). Review of international research on school leadership for social justice, equity and diversity. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 53(1), 81-99.
  35. Guo, X., Liu, Y., Zhao, W., Wang, J., & Chen, L. (2021). Supporting resilient conceptual design using functional decomposition and conflict resolution. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 48, 101262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2021.101262
  36. Guoyan, S., Khaskheli, A., Raza, S. A., Khan, K. A., & Hakim, F. (2021). Teachers’ self-efficacy, mental well-being and continuance commitment of using learning management system during COVID-19 pandemic: a comparative study of Pakistan and Malaysia. Interactive Learning Environments, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1978503
  37. Hammer, M., Scheiter, K., & Stürmer, K. (2021). New technology, new role of parents: How parents' beliefs and behavior affect students’ digital media self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 106642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106642
  38. Hewitt, J. P. (2020). 22 The Social Construction of Self-Esteem. The Oxford handbook of positive psychology, 309.
  39. Humphries, M. L., Williams, B. V., & May, T. (2018). Early childhood teachers' perspectives on social-emotional competence and learning in urban classrooms. Journal of applied school psychology, 34(2), 157-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2018.1425790
  40. Humphries, M. L., Williams, B. V., & May, T. (2018). Early childhood teachers' perspectives on social-emotional competence and learning in urban classrooms. Journal of applied school psychology, 34(2), 157-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377903.2018.1425790
  41. Ibrahim, A., & El Zaatari, W. (2020). The teacher–student relationship and adolescents’ sense of school belonging. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 382-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1660998
  42. Irrera, D. (2021). Simulating conflict resolution dynamics and fostering negotiation skills.
  43. Itzchakov, G., DeMarree, K. G., Kluger, A. N., & Turjeman-Levi, Y. (2018). The listener sets the tone: High-quality listening increases attitude clarity and behavior-intention consequences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(5), 762-778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217747874
  44. Jennings, P. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). The prosocial classroom: Teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes. Review of educational research, 79(1), 491-525. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325693
  45. Jennings, P. A., Doyle, S., Oh, Y., Rasheed, D., Frank, J. L., & Brown, J. L. (2019). Long-term impacts of the CARE program on teachers' self-reported social and emotional competence and well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 76, 186-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2019.07.009
  46. Jennings, P. A., Jeon, L., & Roberts, A. M. (2020). Introduction to the special issue on early care and education professionals’ social and emotional well-being. Early Education and Development, 31(7), 933-939. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1809895
  47. Jickling, B., & Wals, A. E. (2019). Globalization and environmental education: Looking beyond sustainable development. In Curriculum and Environmental Education (pp. 221-241). Routledge.
  48. Jimenez, E. (2021). Impact of mental health and stress level of teachers to learning resource development. Shalax International Journal of Education.
  49. Keiler, L. S. (2018). Teachers’ roles and identities in student-centered classrooms. International journal of STEM education, 5(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0131-6
  50. Khasawneh, M. A. S. K. (2021). Work pressures among teachers of learning disabilities in English language from their point of view. Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Educational Study, 2(2), 15-23.
  51. Kippers, W. B., Wolterinck, C. H., Schildkamp, K., Poortman, C. L., & Visscher, A. J. (2018). Teachers' views on the use of assessment for learning and data-based decision making in classroom practice. Teaching and teacher education, 75, 199-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.06.015
  52. "Kourgiantakis, T., Sewell, K. M., & Bogo, M. (2019). The importance of feedback in preparing social work students for field education. Clinical Social Work Journal, 47(1), 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-018-0671-8"
  53. Kruis, N. E., Seo, C., & Kim, B. (2020). Revisiting the empirical status of social learning theory on substance use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(4), 666-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1696821
  54. Lin, T. J., Kraatz, E., Ha, S. Y., Hsieh, M. Y., Glassman, M., Nagpal, M., ... & Shin, S. (2022). Shaping classroom social experiences through collaborative small‐group discussions. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(1), 131-154.  https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12442
  55. Liu, H. (2021). Engaging language learners in contemporary classrooms.
  56. Lontoh, F. O. L. (2021). Impact of Sense of Belonging and Self-Awareness on Professionalism of Teachers. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(9), 1156-1160.
  57. Lumban Gaol, N. T. (2021). School leadership in Indonesia: A systematic literature review. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 17411432211010811.
  58. Luo, N., Li, H., Zhao, L., Wu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2021). Promoting Student Engagement in Online Learning Through Harmonious Classroom Environment. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00606-5
  59. Luo, N., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, M. (2019). Retaining learners by establishing harmonious relationships in e-learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 27(1), 118-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1506811
  60. Mahmudah, F. N., Putra, E., & Wardana, B. H. (2021). The Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic: External Shock of Disruption Education and Financial Stress Cohesion. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 15(2). http://doi.org/10.51709/19951272/Summer-2/3
  61. Mathews, D. (2011). Naming and framing difficult issues to make sound decisions. Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation.
  62. McIntyre, N. A., Jarodzka, H., & Klassen, R. M. (2019). Capturing teacher priorities: Using real-world eye-tracking to investigate expert teacher priorities across two cultures. Learning and Instruction, 60, 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.12.003
  63. Nushur, R. D., & Yusuf, S. (2021). Teachers' Emotional Intelligence and Its Impact on Students' Motivation in Teaching and Learning. ACCENTIA: Journal of English Language and Education, 1(1), 24-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37598/accentia.v1i1.1009
  64. Ojala, M., & Bengtsson, H. (2019). Young people’s coping strategies concerning climate change: Relations to perceived communication with parents and friends and proenvironmental behavior. Environment and behavior, 51(8), 907-935. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916518763894
  65. Olleras, J. L., Dagwayan, M., Dejacto, A. M., Mangay, J. R., Ebarsabal, M., Diaz, D. J., ... & Minyamin, A. (2022). The Life of the Laters: Students Procrastination in Accomplishing Academic Deadlines in Online Learning. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(5), 444-454. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6791776
  66. Palmer, J. M., de Klerk, E. D., & Modise, M. A. (2021). Re-prioritizing Teachers' Social Emotional Learning in Rural Schools Beyond Covid-19. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 8(2), 68-88. DOI:10.29333/ejecs/563
  67. Panayiotou, M., Humphrey, N., & Wigelsworth, M. (2019). An empirical basis for linking social and emotional learning to academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 56, 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.01.009
  68. Riconalla, P. G., Quiñanola, K. K., Devila, J., Zozobrado, J., Estoque, R. M., Capito, N., ... & Minyamin, A. (2022). The Lived Experiences Aged Instructors in Online Classes: Their Struggles and Coping Mechanisms. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 3(1), 1-11. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6810776
  69. Robinson, O. P., Bridges, S. A., Rollins, L. H., & Schumacker, R. E. (2019). A study of the relation between special education burnout and job satisfaction. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 19(4), 295-303.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12448
  70. Saleh, S. E. (2019). Critical thinking as a 21st century skill: conceptions, implementation and challenges in the EFL classroom. European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching.
  71. Schultz, R. B., & DeMers, M. N. (2020). Transitioning from emergency remote learning to deep online learning experiences in geography education. Journal of Geography, 119(5), 142-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2020.1813791
  72. Shewark, E. A., Zinsser, K. M., & Denham, S. A. (2018, December). Teachers’ perspectives on the consequences of managing classroom climate. In Child & Youth Care Forum (Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 787-802). Springer US.
  73. Skinner, B. F. (1971). Operant conditioning. The encyclopedia of education, 7, 29-33.
  74. Staddon, J. E., & Cerutti, D. T. (2003). Operant conditioning. Annual review of psychology, 54, 115.
  75. Stewart, J., Garrido, S., Hense, C., & McFerran, K. (2019). Music use for mood regulation: Self-awareness and conscious listening choices in young people with tendencies to depression. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1199. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01199
  76. Talebizadeh, S. M., Hosseingholizadeh, R., & Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2021). Analyzing the relationship between principals’ learning-centered leadership and teacher professional learning: The mediation role of trust and knowledge sharing behavior. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 68, 100970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100970
  77. Toropova, A., Myrberg, E., & Johansson, S. (2021). Teacher job satisfaction: the importance of school working conditions and teacher characteristics. Educational review, 73(1), 71-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2019.1705247
  78. Vagni, M., Maiorano, T., Giostra, V., & Pajardi, D. (2020). Hardiness and coping strategies as mediators of stress and secondary trauma in emergency workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 12(18), 7561. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187561
  79. Vattøy, K. D. (2020). Teachers’ beliefs about feedback practice as related to student self-regulation, self-efficacy, and language skills in teaching English as a foreign language. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 64, 100828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2019.100828
  80. Virtanen, T. E., Lerkkanen, M. K., Poikkeus, A. M., & Kuorelahti, M. (2018). Student engagement and school burnout in Finnish lower-secondary schools: Latent profile analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 62(4), 519-537. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2016.1258669
  81. Waldeck, J. H., & Weimer, M. (2017). Sound decision making about the lecture’s role in the college classroom. Communication Education, 66(2), 247-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2016.1275721
  82. Warren, L. L. (2021). The importance of teacher leadership skills in the classroom. Education Journal, 10(1), 8-15.
  83. Waterhouse, P., Creely, E., & Southcott, J. (2021). Peak moments: A teacher-educator reflects (with colleagues) on the importance of heightened moments of teaching and learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 99, 103275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103275
  84. White, R. L., Bennie, A., Vasconcellos, D., Cinelli, R., Hilland, T., Owen, K. B., & Lonsdale, C. (2021). Self-determination theory in physical education: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Teaching and Teacher Education, 99, 103247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103247
  85. Willis, L., & Exley, B. (2018). Using an online social media space to engage parents in student learning in the early-years: Enablers and impediments. Digital Education Review, 33, 87-104.
  86. Yang, C. (2021). Online teaching self-efficacy, social–emotional learning (SEL) competencies, and compassion fatigue among educators during the COVID-19 pandemic. School Psychology Review, 50(4), 505-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2021.1903815
  87. Ye, Z., Yang, X., Zeng, C., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Li, X., & Lin, D. (2020). Resilience, social support, and coping as mediators between COVID‐19‐related stressful experiences and acute stress disorder among college students in China. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 12(4), 1074-1094.  https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12211
  88. Yoder, N., Atwell, M. N., Godek, D., Dusenbury, L., Bridgeland, J. M., & Weissberg, R. (2020). Preparing Youth for the Workforce of Tomorrow: Cultivating the Social and Emotional Skills Employers Demand. SEL for Workforce Development. Collaborating States Initiative. Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning.
  89. Zins, J. E., Elias, M. J., & Greenberg, M. T. (2007). School practices to build social-emotional competence as the foundation of academic and life success. Educating people to be emotionally intelligent, 79-94.
  90. Bluth, K., Campo, R. A., Futch, W. S., & Gaylord, S. A. (2017). Age and gender differences in the associations of self-compassion and emotional well-being in a large adolescent sample. Journal of youth and adolescence, 46(4), 840-853.