Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 6 no. 10 (2023)

College Students' Experiences on Prolonged Social Deprivation and Their Coping Mechanisms in the Midst of Community Quarantine

Emarie Jean Marallag | Jade Michelle Pabalinas | John Patrick Pagulayan | Angelique Pascual | Darin Jan Tindowen | Renz Marion Gavino

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The COVID-19 outbreak has forced the government to implement strict quarantine protocols in our country. As a result, social interaction has been limited especially among college students. Due to this fact, the researchers conducted this study to explore the personal experiences of college students of University of Saint Louis Tuguegarao on prolonged social deprivation, and to determine the different coping mechanisms they employed during the pandemic. A qualitative research design was utilized in the current study which employed Phenomenological Interpretative Research. Through purposive sampling, a total of 20 college students from different programs and departments participated in this study. The data were gathered by engaging in an online interview with the use of open-ended questions. The results revealed seven (7) major recurring themes when it comes to the experiences of the students with prolonged social deprivation which include: (1) Academic-Related Experiences; (2) Interpersonal-Related Experiences; (3) Personal-Related Experiences; (4) Anxiety-Related Symptoms; (5) Depressive Symptomatology; (6) Stress; and (7) Behavioral Improvement. Meanwhile, five (5) major themes for coping strategies were revealed by the students which include: (1) Recreational Activities and Use of Social Media; (2) Spiritual Related Activities;(3) Interpersonal-Related Activities: (4) Intrapersonal-Related Activities; and (5) Distraction Method. In conclusion, this study highlights that experiencing social deprivation in the midst of a pandemic can cause challenges and problems affecting the different aspects of the students’ lives, which can be detrimental to their mental health and well-being. However, by employing different coping strategies, the students were able to maintain their well-being amidst the pandemic.



References:

  1. American Psychological Association. (2010, January 1). Resilience o f r e f u g e e c h i l d r e n a f t e r war. http://w w w.a pa .org/pubs /info/reports /re fugee s
  2. Armstrong-Mensah, E., Ramsey-White, K., Yankey, B., & SelfBrown, S. (2020). COVID-19 and Distance Learning: Effects on Georgia State University School of Public Health Students. F r o n t i e r s in P u b l i c H e a l t h , 8 . P u b l i s h e d . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.576227
  3. Auger, K. A., Shah, S. S., Richardson, T., Hartley, D., Hall, M., Warniment, A., . . . Thomson, J. E. (2020). Association between statewide school closure and COVID-19 incidence and mortality in t h e U S . J A M A , 3 2 4 ( 9 ) , 8 5 9 . https://doi.org/10.1001/ja ma.2020.14348
  4. Barbisch, D., Koenig, K. L., & Shih, F. Y. (2015). Is there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , 9 (5), 547–553. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.3
  5. Barr, M., & Copeland-Stewart, A. (2021). Playing video games during the COVID-19 pandemic and effects on players’ Well-Being. G a m e s a nd C u l t u r e , 155541202110170. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120211017036%20(matrix)
  6. Beridze, G., Ayala, A., Ribeiro, O., Fernández-Mayoralas, G., Rodríguez-Blázquez, C., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V., CalderónLarrañaga, A. (2020). Are loneliness and social isolation associated with quality of life in older adults? Insights from northern and southern Europe. International Journal of Environmental Research a n d P u b l i c H e a l t h , 1 7 ( 2 2 ) , 8 6 3 7 . https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228637
  7. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20
  8. Brummett, B. H., Barefoot, J. C., Siegler, I. C., Clapp-Channing, N E., Lytle, B. L., Bosworth, H. B., . . . Mark, D. B. (2001). Characteristics of socially isolated patients with coronary artery disease who are at elevated risk for mortality. Psychosomatic M e d i c i n e , 6 3 ( 2 ) , 2 6 7 – 2 7 2 . https ://doi.org/10.1097/00006842 -200103000 -00010
  9. Bucholtz, M. (2000). The politics of transcription. Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 1439–1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(99) 00094-6
  10. Bzdok, D., & Dunbar, R. I. (2020). The Neurobiology of Social Distance. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(9), 717–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.016
  11. Cacioppo, J. T., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., McClintock, M. K., Malarkey, W. B., Hawkley, L. C., . . . Berntson, G. G. (2000). Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: the MacArthur social neuroscience studies. International Journal of P s y c h o p h y s i o l o g y , 3 5 ( 2 – 3 ) , 143 – 1 5 4 . https ://doi.org/10.1016/s0167 -8760(99)00049 -5
  12. Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  13. Cao, X., Yang, C., & Wang, D. (2018). The Impact on Mental Health of Losing an Only Child and the Influence of Social Support and Resilience. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 80(4), 666– 684. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222818755284
  14. Chen, B., Sun, J., & Feng, Y. (2020). How have COVID-19 isolation policies affected young people’s mental health? – Evidence from Chinese college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. P u b l i s h e d . R e t r i e v e d f r o m https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389 /fpsyg.2020.01529/full
  15. Cheng, C., Wang, H. Y., & Ebrahimi, O. V. (2021). Adjustment to a “New normal:” coping flexibility and mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 353. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626197
  16. Childs, E., & de Wit, H. (2014). Regular exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress in healthy adults. Frontiers in Physiology, 5, 61. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00161
  17. Crittenden, C. N., Pressman, S. D., Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Smith, B. W., & Seeman, T. E. (2014). Social integration and pulmonary function in the elderly. Health Psychology, 33(6), 535.
  18. Davidson, C. (2009). Transcription: Imperatives for qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(2), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690900800206
  19. Department Of Health. (2020). Omnibus guidelines on the implementation of community quarantine in the Philippines with amendments as of May 22, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2021, from https://doh.gov.ph/COVID-19/IATF-Resolutions
  20. De Wit, L., Van Straten, A., Lamers, F., Cuijpers, P., & Penninx, B. (2015). Depressiveand anxiety disorders: Associated with losing or gaining weight over 2years?. Psychiatry Research, 227(2-3), 230-237. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.025
  21. di Pietro, G., Biagi, F., Costa, P., Karpiński, Z., Mazza, J., European Commission. Joint Research Centre, & Europäische Kommission Gemeinsame Forschungsstelle. (2020). The Likely Impact of COVID-19 on Education. https://doi.org/10.2760/126686
  22. Diehl, M., Hay, E. L., & Chui, H. (2012). Chapter 13 personal risk and resilience factors in the context of daily stress. Annual Review of G e r ontol ogy and G e r iatr ic s , 32 (1), 251–274 . https ://doi.org/10.1891/0198 -8794.32.251
  23. Ellis, W. E., Dumas, T. M., & Forbes, L. M. (2020). Physically isolated but socially connected: Psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences D u C o m p o r t e m e n t , 5 2 ( 3 ) , 1 7 7 – 1 8 7 . https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000215
  24. Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. PLOS O N E , 1 5 ( 7 ) , e 0 2 3 6 3 3 7 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journa l.pone.0236337
  25. Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Bu, F. (2021). Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study. The L a n c e t P s y c h i a t r y , 8 ( 2 ) , 1 4 1 – 1 4 9 . https ://doi.org/10.1016/s2215 -0366(20)30482 -x
  26. Fiorillo, A., & Gorwood, P. (2020). The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical p r a c t i c e . E u r o p e a n P s y c h i a t r y , 63 ( 1 ) . https://doi.org/10.1192/j.e urps y.2020.35
  27. Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing. JAMA Internal Medicine , 180 (6), 817. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jamainternmed.2020.1562
  28. Glass, K., Flory, K., Hankin, B. L., Kloos, B., & Turecki, G. (2009). Are coping strategies, social support, and hope associated with psychological distress among hurricane katrina survivors? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 28 (6), 779–795. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.6.779
  29. Greeff, A. P., Vansteenwegen, A., & Herbiest, T. (2011). Indicators of family resilience after the death of a child. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 63(4), 343–358. https://doi.org/10.2190/om.63.4.c
  30. Guilaran, J., de Terte, I., Kaniasty, K., & Stephens, C. (2018). Psychological outcomes in disaster responders: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis on the effect of social support. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science , 9 (3), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-018-0184-7
  31. Hamza, C. A., Ewing, L., Heath, N. L., & Goldstein, A. L. (2021). When social isolation is nothing new: A longitudinal study on psychological distress during COVID-19 among university students with and without preexisting mental health concerns. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne , 62 (1), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000255
  32. Hussain, M. W., Mirza, T., & Hassan, M. M. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the human behavior. International Journal of Education and Management Engineering, 10(6), 35–61. https://doi.org/10.5815/ijeme.2020.05.05
  33. Hwang, T. J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., & Ikeda, M. (2020). Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(10), 1217–1220. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220000988
  34. Jose, P. E., & Lim, B. T. L. (2014). Social connectedness predicts lower loneliness and depressive symptoms over time in adolescents. Open J our nal of De pr ess ion , 03 (04), 154 – 163. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojd.2014.34019
  35. Kallio, H., Pietilä, A. M., Johnson, M., & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: Developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), 2954–2965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13031
  36. Karam, E. G., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., . . . Koenen, K. C. (2013). Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the world mental health (wmh) surveys. Depression and Anxiety, 31(2), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22169
  37. Kaur, H., Singh, T., Arya, Y. K., & Mittal, S. (2020). Physical fitness and exercise during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative enquiry. Frontiers in Psychology , 11 . Published. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590172
  38. Khan, A. H., Sultana, M. S., Hossain, S., Hasan, M. T., Ahmed, H. U., & Sikder, M. T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health & wellbeing among home-quarantined Bangladeshi students: A cross-sectional pilot study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.135
  39. Killgore, W. D., Taylor, E. C., Cloonan, S. A., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. P s y c h i a t r y R e s e a r c h , 2 9 1 , 1 1 3 2 1 6 . https://doi. org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216
  40. Kim, J. H., Shim, Y., Choi, I., & Choi, E. (2021). The role of coping strategies in maintaining Well-Being during the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 194855062199059. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550621990595
  41. Kim S., Sung J., Park J., Dittmore S. W., (2015). The relationship among leisure attitude,satisfaction, and psychological wellbeing for college students. March 2015 Journal of Physical Education and Sport 15(1):70-76 DOI:10.7752/jpes.2015.01012
  42. Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., Elwakeel, S. A., Sous, M. S. F., . . . Jamil, H. J. (2020). Measuring COVID-19 as traumatic stress: Initial psychometrics and validation. Journal of L o s s a n d T r a u m a , 2 6 ( 3 ) , 2 2 0 – 2 3 7 . https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1790160
  43. Kılınç, T., & Sis ÇElik, A. (2020). Relationship between the social support and psychological resilience levels perceived by nurses during the COVID◻19 pandemic: A study from Turkey. P e r s pe c t iv e s in Ps y c hiatr ic C are . Publis he d . https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc .12648
  44. Labrague, L. J., & Santos, J. A. A. (2020). COVID◻19 anxiety among front◻line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. Journal of Nursing M a n a g e m e n t , 2 8 ( 7 ) , 1 6 5 3 – 1 6 6 1 . https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13121
  45. Lima, C. K. T., Carvalho, P. M. D. M., Lima, I. D. A. A. S., Nunes, J. V. A. D. O., Saraiva, J. S., de Souza, R. I.,........ Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, 112915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
  46. Losada-Baltar, A., Márquez-González, M., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Gallego-Alberto, L., & FernandesPires, J. (2020). Differences in anxiety, sadness, loneliness and comorbid anxiety and sadness as a function of age and self-perceptions of aging during the lock-out period due to COVID19. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 55(5), 272–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2020.05.005
  47. Lucchetti, G., Góes, L. G., Amaral, S. G., Ganadjian, G. T., Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O. D. A., . . . Manso, M. E. G. (2020). Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social P s y c h i a t r y , 0 0 2 0 7 6 4 0 2 0 9 7 0 9 9 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020970996
  48. MacGeorge, E. L., Samter, W., Feng, B., Gillihan, S. J., & Graves, A. R. (2004). Stress, social support, and health among college students after September 11, 2001. Journal of College Student D e v e l o p m e n t , 4 5 ( 6 ) , 6 5 5 – 6 7 0 . https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2004.0069
  49. Masoom, M. (2016). Social isolation: A conceptual analysis. Research J. Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(4), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.5958/2321-5828.2016.00044.9
  50. Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2012). Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: Pathways of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 227–257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100356
  51. Mazyarkin, Z., Peleg, T., Golani, I., Sharony, L., Kremer, I., & Shamir, A. (2019). Health benefits of a physical exercise program for inpatients with mental health; a pilot study. Journal of P s y c h i a t r i c R e s e a r c h , 1 1 3 , 1 0 – 1 6 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.002
  52. Menec, V. H., Newall, N. E., Mackenzie, C. S., Shooshtari, S., & Nowicki, S. (2020). Examining social isolation and loneliness in combination in relation to social support and psychological distress using Canadian longitudinal study of aging (CLSA) data. PLOS O N E , 1 5 ( 3 ) , e 0 2 3 0 6 7 3 . https://doi.org/10.1371/journa l.pone.0230673
  53. Mosanya, M. (2020). Buffering academic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic related social isolation: Grit and growth mindset as protective factors against the impact of loneliness. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 6(2), 159– 174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-020-00043-7
  54. Motreff, Y., Baubet, T., Pirard, P., Rabet, G., Petitclerc, M., Stene, L. E., Vandentorren, S. (2020). Factors associated with PTSD and partial PTSD among first responders following the Paris terror attacks in November 2015. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 121, 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.018
  55. Mushtaq, R. (2014). Relationship between loneliness, psychiatric disorders and physical health ? A review on the psychological aspects of loneliness. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC R E S E A R C H , 8 ( 9 ) , W E 0 1 . https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2014/10077.4828
  56. Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International J o u r n a l o f S u r g e r y , 7 8 , 1 8 5 – 1 9 3 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
  57. Nitschke, J. P., Forbes, P. A. G., Ali, N., Cutler, J., Apps, M. A. J., Lockwood, P. L., & Lamm, C. (2020). Resilience during uncertainty? Greater social connectedness during COVID◻19 lockdown is associated with reduced distress and fatigue. British J our nal of Health Ps ychology , 26 (2), 553 –569.
  58. Oliver, D. G., Serovich, J. M., & Mason, T. L. (2005). Constraints and opportunities with interview transcription: Towards reflection in qualitative research. Social Forces, 84(2), 1273–1289. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0023
  59. Onyema, E. M., Eucheria, N. C., Obafemi, F. A., Sen, S., Atonye, F. G., Sharma, A., & Alsayed, A. O. (2020). Impact of coronavirus pandemic on education. Journal of Education and Practice, 11(13), 108–121. https://doi.org/10.7176/jep/11-13-12
  60. Paine, G. (2015). A Pattern-Generating tool for use in SemiStructured interviews. The Qualitative Report, 20(4), 468–481. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2015.2123
  61. Pancani, L., Marinucci, M., Aureli, N., & Riva, P. (2021). Forced social isolation and mental health: A study on 1,006 Italians under COVID-19 lockdown. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1540. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663799
  62. Pietrabissa, G., & Simpson, S. G. (2020). Psychological consequences of social isolation during COVID-19 outbreak. F r o n t i e r s i n P s y c h o l o g y , 1 1 , 2201.https ://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02201
  63. Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J., & Perry, A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204
  64. Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  65. Rauschenberg, C., Schick, A., Goetzl, C., Roehr, S., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Koppe, G., . . . Reininghaus, U. (2021). Social isolation, mental health, and use of digital interventions in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationally representative survey. European Psychiatry, 64(1). https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.17
  66. Ray, M. E., Coon, J. M., Al-Jumaili, A. A., & Fullerton, M. (2019). Quantitative and Qualitative Factors Associated with Social Isolation Among Graduate and Professional Health Science Students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(7), 6983.https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6983
  67. Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., . . . David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7), 611– 627.https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30203-0
  68. Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., & Bokszczanin, A. (2020). Examining Anxiety, Life Satisfaction, General Health, Stress and Coping Styles During COVID-19 Pandemic in Polish Sample of University Students. Psychology Research and Behavior M a n a g e m e n t , V o l u m e 1 3 , 7 9 7 – 8 1 1 . https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s 266511
  69. Saladino, V., Algeri, D., & Auriemma, V. (2020). The Psychological and Social Impact of Covid-19: New Perspectives of Well-Being. F r o n t i e r s in P s y c h o l o g y , 11 . P u b l i s h e d . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577684
  70. Salin, M., Kaittila, A., Hakovirta, M., & Anttila, M. (2020). Family Coping Strategies During Finland’s COVID-19 Lockdown. Sustainability, 12(21), 9133. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219133
  71. Salo, A., Junttila, N., & Vauras, M. (2019). Social and Emotional Loneliness: Longitudinal Stability, Interdependence, and Intergenerational Transmission Among Boys and Girls. Family Relations, 69(1), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12398
  72. Sandmire, D. A., Gorham, S. R., Rankin, N. E., & Grimm, D. R. (2012). The Influence of Art Making on Anxiety: A Pilot Study. Art T h e r a p y , 2 9 ( 2 ) , 6 8 – 7 3 . https://doi.org/10.1080/07421656.2012.683748
  73. Seriño, M. N., (2021, April 19). Local Response and Coping Mechanisms Adopted to Disruptions Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic at a Filipino State University | HUMAN BEHAVIOR, DEVELOPMENT and SOCIETY. Retrieved July 3, 2021, from https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hbds/article/view/244575
  74. Shah, S. G. S., Nogueras, D., van Woerden, H. C., & Kiparoglou, V. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pandemic of Lockdown Loneliness and the Role of Digital Technology. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e22287.https://doi.org/10.2196/22287
  75. Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A., Hepp, U., . . . Eisner, M. (2020). Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329172000241x
  76. Sheffler, J. L., Joiner, T. E., & Sachs-Ericsson, N. J. (2020). The Interpersonal and Psychological Impacts of COVID-19 on Risk for Late-Life Suicide. The Gerontologist , 61 (1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa103
  77. Sheroun, D., Wankhar, D., Devrani, A., Lissamma, P. V., & Chatterjee, K. (2020). A Study to Assess the Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies among BS. Nursing Students of Selected Colleges in Pune during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown'. International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research, 5(2), 280-288.
  78. Shohini, R. (2020, July 27). Economic impact of COVID-19 p a n d e m i c . R e t r i e v e d J a n u a r y 7, 2 02 1, fro m https://ww w.resea rchga te.ne t/publica tion/343222400
  79. Sippel, L. M., Pietrzak, R. H., Charney, D. S., Mayes, L. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2015). How does social support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual? Ecology and Society, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-07832-200410
  80. Smith, B., & Lim, M. (2020). How the COVID-19 pandemic is focusing attention on loneliness and social isolation. Public Health Research & Practice, 30(2). https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp3022008
  81. Stadtfeld, C., Vörös, A., Elmer, T., Boda, Z., & Raabe, I. J. (2018). Integration in emerging social networks explains academic failure and success. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(3), 792–797. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811388115
  82. Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J. (2013). Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(15), 5797–5801. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219686110
  83. Suhail, A., Iqbal, N., & Smith, J. (2020). Lived experiences of Indian Youth amid COVID-19 crisis: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. International Journal of Social P s y c h i a t r y , 0 0 2 0 7 6 4 0 2 0 9 6 6 0 2 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020966021
  84. Tadesse, S., & Muluye, W. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19Pandemic on Education System in Developing Countries: A Review. Open Journal of Social Sciences , 08 (10), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.810011
  85. Tee, M. L., Tee, C. A., Anlacan, J. P., Aligam, K. J. G., Reyes, P. W. C., Kuruchittham, V., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.043
  86. Tol, W. A., Song, S., & Jordans, M. J. D. (2013). Annual Research Review: Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict - a systematic review of findings in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 445–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12053
  87. Ungar, M. (2004). A Constructionist Discourse on Resilience. Youth & S o c i e t y , 3 5 ( 3 ) , 3 4 1 – 3 6 5 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x03257030
  88. Usher, K., Bhullar, N., & Jackson, D. (2020). Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(15–16), 2756–2757. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15290
  89. Wang, X., Hegde, S., Son, C., Keller, B., Smith, A., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), e22817. https://doi.org/10.2196/22817
  90. Wilson, R. S., Krueger, K. R., Arnold, S. E., Schneider, J. A., Kelly, J. F., Barnes, L. L., . . . Bennett, D. A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234
  91. Wu, F., & Sheng, Y. (2020). Differences in social isolation between young and old elderly in urban areas of Beijing, China: A crosssectional study. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 7(1), 49– 53.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.11.003
  92. Xia, N., & Li, H. (2018). Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Cardiovascular Health. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 28(9), 837–851. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2017.7312
  93. Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M., Gill, H., Phan, L., . . . McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of A f f e c t i v e D i s o r d e r s , 2 7 7 , 5 5 – 6 4 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
  94. Yao, J., Rao, J., Jiang, T., & Xiong, C. (2020). What role should teachers play in online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic? Evidence from China. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 5(2), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.20.ar035
  95. Zaki, J., & Williams, W. C. (2013). Interpersonal emotion r e g u l a t i o n . E m o t i o n , 1 3 ( 5 ) , 803 – 8 1 0 . https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033839
  96. Zimmerman, M. A. (2013). Resiliency Theory. Health Education & B e h a v i o r , 4 0 ( 4 ) , 3 8 1 – 3 8 3 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198113493782

Tools


Copyright © 2024  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic