HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 12 no. 7 (2023)

Readiness and Willingness to Perform Basic Life Support of Youth Residents in Selected Areas in Quezon City: Basis for Webinar Program

Ponds Cristy Gulle | Denise Faye Ching | Evelyn Constantino | Aron Miles Corra | Joel John Dela Merced | Faith Joy Gan | Kylie Elisha Gatmaitan | Renville Ladera | Michael Vincent Lim | Trinidad Salcedo | Sophia Anne Santos | Sylcy Leerschen Ygay | Mary Ann E. Lopez

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

Basic Life Support is a crucial skill to effectively minimize morbidity and mortality in the community. Empowering the youth to have awareness and knowledge of Basic Life Support is important to have the majority of the population be able to assist victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A quantitative approach and a descriptive-comparative research design were used in this study to assess the readiness and willingness of the youth population in Quezon City concerning the provision of Basic Life Support. The data was collected through the use of a researcher-made, four-part structured questionnaire. The research locale is three (3) selected barangays in Quezon City in which 385 youth individuals who are within the age cohort of 15 to 24, studying or working, and residing in Quezon City are the respondents. Descriptive and analytic statistics were used to analyze the data. T-tests and ANOVA tests were conducted at the level of significance α = 0.05 with a confidence interval of 95%, wherein p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The respondents’ level of knowledge for the components of Basic Life Support, which are divided into three sections: Recognition of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (mean = 191.1), Provision of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (mean = 175.87), and Utilization of Automated External Defibrillator (mean = 175.8) are all moderate. Moreover, there is a moderate level of self-efficacy among the youth respondents in selected areas in Quezon City (mean = 2.74). In terms of willingness, the respondents are most willing to administer Basic Life Support to their own family and peers and are least willing to immunocompromised individuals. Age, educational attainment, and training are found to have a significant impact on youth readiness to perform Basic Life Support, whereas gender, marital status, and socioeconomic status have no significance. The results of this study are to be used as a basis for a webinar program. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of addressing youth BLS readiness and willingness through education, training, and continued experience, resulting in improved ability to respond effectively in emergency situations.



References:

  1. Abelsson, A., & Nygårdh, A. (2019). To enhance the quality of CPR performed by youth layman. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-019-0247-6
  2. Abelsson, A., Odestrand, P., & Nygårdh, A. (2020). To strengthen self-confidence as a step in improving prehospital youth laymen Basic life support. BMC Emergency Medicine, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-020-0304-8
  3. AED Pad Placement Guide: What you need to know. (2021). AED Leader. https://www.aedleader.com/aed-pad-placement/
  4. AED steps: Steps to use an AED. (2023). Red Cross. https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/aed/using-an-aed/aed-steps
  5. After an incident - First aid. (2023). National Health Sources. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/first-aid/after-an-accident/
  6. Ahmad, A., Akhter, N., Mandal, R. K., Areeshi, M. Y., Lohani, M., Irshad, M., Alwadaani, M., & Haque, S. (2018). Knowledge of basic life support among the students of Jazan University, Saudi Arabia: Is it adequate to save a life? Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 54(4), 555–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2018.04.001                             
  7. Alateeq, M., Al Harbi, N., Afifi, A., Tourkmani, A., Alharbi, T., & Albattal, S. (2018). Awareness of basic life support and cardiopulmonary resuscitation among female secondary school students in government schools in Riyadh City, KSA. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 7(6), 1493. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_21_18
  8. Alfakey, M., & Alkarani, A. (2021). Students’ knowledge and attitudes toward Basic Life Support. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 10(3), 871. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i3.21703
  9. Alvich, J. (2021). How to Use an AED. https://www.aed.us/blog/aed-info/how-touse-an-aed/
  10. American Psychological Association. (2023). Readiness. APA Dictionary of Psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/readiness
  11. American Red Cross. (2023). When can I stop performing CPR on an adult? Sharecare. https://www.sharecare.com/health/first-aid-techniques/when-stop-cpr-on-adult
  12. American Safety & Health Institute. (2020). How to position your hands for CPR. https://emergencycare.hsi.com/blog/how-to-position-your-hands-for-cpr
  13. Aquila Recovery Clinic. (2021). What is an integrated behavioral model? Aquila Recovery Clinic. https://www.aquilarecovery.com/blog/what-is-an-integrated-behavioral-model/
  14. Automated External Defibrillators. (2020). Center for Devices and Radiological Health. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/cardiovascular-devices/automated-external-defibrillators-aeds#what
  15. Barrell, A. (2020). CPR steps: A visual guide. Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324712#children-and-infants-
  16. Becker, T., Maciel, C., Gul, S., Cohen, S., Murphy, T., Tyndall, J., Youn, T., Martin, E., & Restrepo, C. A. (2019). Bystander CPR: Public Perception And Barriers. Critical Care Medicine, 47, 740. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000552272.80072.36
  17. Birkun, A., & Kosova, Y. (2018). Social attitude and willingness to attend cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and perform resuscitation in the Crimea. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 9(4), 237. https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2018.04.001
  18. Castanha, C., Fernando Barbosa Tavarez, L., Leone, C., Da Silva Paiva, L., Elena Guerrero Daboin, B., Da Silva Freitas Marques, N., Zangirolami-Raimundo, J., & Daminello Raimundo, R. (2021). Basic life support education: The impact of lecture-demonstration in undergraduate students of Health Sciences. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 31(2), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v31.11509
  19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Three things you may not know about CPR. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/cpr.html
  20. Chilappa, R., & Waxman, M. (2021). Basic life support awareness and knowledge in high school students. Kansas Journal of Medicine, 14, 38–41. https://doi.org/10.17161/kjm.vol1414611
  21. Chun, C. G., Liclican, F. T., Llave, K. M., Reyes, C. B., Angoluan, S., Banal, D., & Manahan, E. (2021). Attitude, Knowledge, and Practices on Basic Life Support Among Medical Laboratory Science Interns of Selected Universities in Metro Manila, Philippines. International Journal of progressive Research in Science and Engineering, 2(11). ISSN (Online): 2582-7898; SJIF: 5.494                                                                                
  22. Crist, C. (2019). Bystanders may hesitate to perform CPR for fear of causing harm. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-cpr-hesitation-idUSKBN1WH1XA
  23. CPR - adult - series—Check for responsiveness. (2021). MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/presentations/100219_1.htm
  24. CPR - First aid. (2023). NHS Choices.  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/first-aid/cpr
  25. CPR Select. (2022). Teaching basic life support (BLS) skills to kids. CPR/AED and First Aid Certification Online Classes. https://www.mycprcertificationonline.com/blog/teaching-basic-life-support-skills-to-kid
  26. Dainty, K. N., Colquitt, B., Bhanji, F., Hunt, E. A., Jefkins, T., Leary, M., Ornato, J. P., Swor, R. A., & Panchal, A. (2022). Understanding the importance of the lay responder experience in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 145(17). https://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000001054
  27. Data Privacy Act Primer. National Privacy Commission. (2022). https://www.privacy.gov.ph/data-privacy-act-primer/#:~:text=It%20(1)%20protects%20the%20privacy,data%3B%20and%20(3)%20ensures
  28. Department of Health. (2018). Basic Life Support Training: Participant's Workbook.
  29. Dobbie, F., MacKintosh, A. M., Clegg, G., Stirzaker, R., & Bauld, L. (2018). Attitudes towards bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Results from a cross-sectional general population survey. PLOS ONE, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193391
  30. Dumcke, R., Rahe-Meyer, N., & Wegner, C. (2021). Self-efficacy and outcome expectancies of secondary school students in performing basic life support. The Journal of Health, Environment, & Education, 13. https://doi.org/10.18455/13001
  31. Estri, A. (2019). The Effect of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Simulations on (Knowledge, Attitudes, and Skills) of Youth Organization Members in Candibinangun Village, Pakem District, Sleman . KnE Life Sciences, 4(13), 360–366. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v4i13.5266
  32. First Support CPR & First Aid Training. (2021). Broken Ribs During CPR. American Heart Association Authorized Center. https://firstsupportcpr.com/2021/05/31/broken-ribs-during-cpr/
  33. Fratta, K. A., Bouland, A. J., Lawner, B. J., Comer, A. C., Halliday, M. H., Levy, M. J., & Seaman, K. G. (2018). Barriers to bystander CPR: Evaluating socio-economic and cultural factors influencing students attending community CPR training. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 37(1), 159–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2018.05.022
  34. Global Resuscitation Alliance. (2019). Implementation of the 10 steps to improve cardiac arrest survival at the Southern Philippines Medical Center. Global Resuscitation Alliance. https://www.globalresuscitationalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Philippines_Culture_of_Excellence.pdf
  35. Goyal, A., Sciammarella, J. C., Cusick, A. S., & Patel, P. H. (2022). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470402
  36. Grunau, B., Bal, J., Scheuermeyer, F., Guh, D., Dainty, K. N., Helmer, J., Saini, S., Chakrabarti, A., Brar, N., Sidhu, N., Barbic, D., Christenson, J., & Chakrabarti, S. (2020). Bystanders are less willing to resuscitate out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims during the covid-19 pandemic. Resuscitation Plus, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resplu.2020.100034
  37. Hasegawa, Y., & Hanaki, K. (2023). Factors related to young people’s willingness to perform Basic life support. Yonago Acta Medica.  https://doi.org/10.33160/yam.2023.02.014
  38. Highlights of the Preliminary Results of the 2021 Annual Family Income and Expenditure Survey. Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-preliminary-results-2021-annual-family-income-and-expenditure-survey
  39. Horton, M. (2022). Simple random sample: Advantages and disadvantages. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/042815/what-are-disadvantages-using-simple-random-sample-approximate-larger-population.asp
  40. Huang, E. P. C., Chiang, W. C., Hsieh, M. J., Wang, H. C., Yang, C. W., Lu, T. C., Wang, C. H., Chong, K. M., Lin, C. H., Kuo, C. W., Sun, J. T., Lin, J. J., Yang, M. C., & Huei-Ming Ma, M. (2019). Public knowledge, attitudes and willingness regarding bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A nationwide survey in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 118(2), 572–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.07.018
  41. Huy, L., Tung, P., Nhu, L., Linh, N., Tra, D., & Thao, N. et al. (2022). The willingness to perform first aid among high school students and associated factors in Hue, Vietnam. PLOS ONE, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271567
  42. IBM | Integrated Behavior Model by Icek Ajzen, Martin Fishbein. (2022). Besci.org. https://www.besci.org/models/integrated-behavior-model
  43. International Labour Organization. (2018). Improving the Safety and Health of Young Workers. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/documents/publication/wcms_625223.pdf.
  44. Ismail, A., AlRayyes, M., Shatat, M., Al Hafi, R., Heszlein-Lossius, H., Veronese, G., & Gilbert, M. (2019). Medical students can be trained to be life-saving first aid instructors for laypeople: A feasibility study from Gaza, occupied palestinian territory. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 34(6), 604–609. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19005004
  45. Jarrah, S., Judeh, M., & AbuRuz, M. E. (2018). Evaluation of public awareness, knowledge and attitudes towards basic life support: A cross-sectional study. BMC Emergency Medicine, 18(1).  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-018-0190-5
  46. Juariah, J., & Purwaningsih, I. (2022). The Effect of Basic Life Support Training on the Knowledge and Skills of Adolescents. KnE Life Sciences, 7(2), 421–426. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v7i2.10336
  47. Katona, Z., Tarkó, K., & Berki, T. (2022). First Aid Willingness Questionnaire for School Children: An Exploratory Factor Analysis and Correlation Study. Children, 9(7), 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070955         
  48. Kalluri, N. S., Knopov, A., & Kue, R. (2018). A service-learning initiative to teach hands-only CPR to high school students: Pumpstart. Journal of Education, 198(3), 240–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022057418818817
  49. Karuthan, S. R., Firdaus, P. J., Angampun, A. D.-A., Chai, X. J., Sagan, C. D., Ramachandran, M., Perumal, S., Karuthan, M., Manikam, R., & Chinna, K. (2019). Knowledge of and willingness to perform hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation among college students in Malaysia. Medicine, 98(51). https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000018466
  50. Khashaba, A. S., Alharbi, M. K., Alghunaim, M. S., Alsemari, L. A., &amp; Almohaimeed, W. S. (2021). Knowledge and awareness of basic life support among nonhealth-care providers in Riyadh. Saudi Journal of Oral Sciences, 8(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.4103/sjos.sjoralsci_61_20
  51. Kim, J. H., Wi, D. H., Lee, J. H., Song, H. J., Shin, S. D., Ro, Y. S., & Bae, K.-H. (2019). Effects of cholesterol levels on outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a cross-sectional study. Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine, 6(3), 242–249. https://doi.org/10.15441/ceem.18.057
  52. Kocol, D. (2019). Using the Prototype Willingness Model to Detect Gender Differences in High Energy Drink Consumption. University of Twente. http://essay.utwente.nl/79236/7/Kocol.Dilara_BA_Psychology.pdf.
  53. Kose, S., Akin, S., Mendi, O., & Goktas, S. (2020). Retracted: The effectiveness of basic life support training on nursing students’ knowledge and basic life support practices: A non-randomized quasi-experimental design. African Health Sciences, 20(2), 966–976. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.53
  54. Kowalewski, D., Jaskiewicz, F., Kaniecka, E., Kozlowski, R., Marczak, M., & Timler, D. (2022). Factors influencing self-confidence and willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation among working adults—a quasi-experimental study in a training environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148334
  55. Krammel, M., Schnaubelt, S., Weidenauer, D., Winnisch, M., Steininger, M., & Eichelter, J. et al. (2018). Gender and age-specific aspects of awareness and knowledge in basic life support. PLOS ONE, 13(6), e0198918. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198918
  56. Lin, Y., Cheng, A., Grant, V., Currie, G., & Hecker, K. (2018). Improving CPR quality with distributed practice and real-time feedback in pediatric healthcare providers – A randomized controlled trial. Resuscitation, 130, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.06.025
  57. Liu, N., Ning, Y., Ong, M. E., Saffari, S. E., Ryu, H. H., Kajino, K., Lin, C.-H., Karim, S. A., Rao, G. V. R., Ho, A. F., Lim, S. L., & Siddiqui, F. J. (2022). Gender disparities among adult recipients of layperson bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation by location of cardiac arrest in Pan-Asian communities: A registry-based study. EClinicalMedicine, 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101293
  58. Mackenzie. (2021). How BLS training impacts your career. SaveaLife. https://nhcps.com/how-bls-training-impacts-your-career/
  59. Mao, J., Chen, F., Xing, D., Zhou, H., Jia, L., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Knowledge, training and willingness to perform bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation among university students in Chongqing, China: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046694
  60. Martin, P. (2022). CPR Facts and Stats – What is the CPR Success Rate? ProCPR. https://www.procpr.org/blog/training/cpr-facts-and-stats
  61. McCombes, S. (2019,). Descriptive research: Definition, types, methods & examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/
  62. Mekonnen, C. K., & Muhye, A. B. (2020). Basic Life Support Knowledge and Its Associated Factors Among a Non-Medical Population in Gondar Town, Ethiopia. Open Access Emergency Medicine, 12, 323–331. https://doi.org/10.2147/oaem.s274437
  63. Misachi, J. (2021). Biggest Cities in the Philippines. WorldAtlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-the-philippines.html
  64. Mohd Sharif, N. A., Che Hasan, M. K., Che Jamaludin, F. I., & Zul Hasymi Firdaus, M. K. (2018). The need for first aid education for adolescents. Enfermería Clínica, 28, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1130-8621(18)30028-7
  65. Naim, M. Y., Griffis, H. M., Burke, R. V., McNally, B. F., Song, L., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V. M., Vellano, K., Markenson, D., Bradley, R. N., & Rossano, J. W. (2019). Race/ethnicity and neighborhood characteristics are associated with bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in the United States: A study from CARES. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(14). https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.012637
  66. Narayanan, A. (2022). The importance of children learning CPR. ResusciTech. https://resuscitech.io/blog/the-importance-of-children-learning-cpr
  67. Onan, A., Turan, S., Elcin, M., Erbil, B., & Bulut, Ş. Ç. (2018). The effectiveness of traditional basic life support training and alternative technology-enhanced methods in high schools. Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine, 26(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024907918782239
  68. Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M. (2020). Marriages and divorces. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/marriages-and-divorces#marriages-are-becoming-less-common
  69. Park, J. M., & Jun, S. (2018). The effects of knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy of CPR on willingness to perform CPR in family members of patients with heart disease. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 30(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2018.30.1.79
  70. Pediatric Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation. (2019). Cancer Therapy Advisor. https://www.cancertherapyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/critical-caremedicine/pediatric-cardiac-arrest-and-resuscitation/
  71. Pei, L., Liang, F., Sun, S., Wang, H., & Dou, H. (2019). Nursing students’ knowledge, willingness, and attitudes toward the first aid behavior as bystanders in traffic accident trauma: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(1), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.11.003
  72. Pelek, C., Ferreira Silva-Junior, M., & Müller, E. (2021). Level of knowledge about basic life support of undergraduate students from the health area. Revista Brasileira De Educação Médica, 45(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-5271v45.2-20200516.ing
  73. Perman, S. M., Shelton, S. K., Knoepke, C., Rappaport, K., Matlock, D. D., Adelgais, K., Havranek, E. P., & Daugherty, S. L. (2019). Public perceptions on why women receive less bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation than men in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation, 139(8), 1060–1068. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037692
  74. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. (2022). Understanding social classes in the Philippines: Which class do you belong to? https://pids.gov.ph/details/news/in-the-news/understanding-social-classes-in-the-philippines-which-class-do-you-belong-to
  75. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. (2020). Who are identified rich, poor? Gov’t shows income class brackets in ph. https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/who-are-identified-rich-poor-gov-t-shows-income-class-brackets-in-ph
  76. Philippine Heart Association. (2022). Sudden cardiac arrest and the value of CPR. Philippine Heart Association. https://www.philheart.org/index.php/cpr/569-suddencardiac-arrest-and-the-value-of-cpr#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20American%20Heart,know%20how%20to%20perform%20CPR.
  77. Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). Causes of Deaths in the Philippines (Preliminary as of 30 June 2022). https://psa.gov.ph/content/2022-causes-deaths-philippines-preliminary-30-june-2022.
  78. Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). Educational attainment. https://psa.gov.ph/press-releases/id/166314#:~:text=Educational%20attainment%20shows%20that%20majority,not%20specify%20their%20educational%20attainment.
  79. Pranata, R., Wiharja, W., Fatah, A., Yamin, M., & Lukito, A. A. (2020). General population's eagerness and knowledge regarding basic life support: A community based study in Jakarta, Indonesia. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 8(2), 567–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2019.12.004
  80. Red Cross Training & Certification, and Store. (2021). Red Cross. https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/cpr/performing-cpr/cpr-steps
  81. Rescue One. (2022). CPR/AED Training For High School Students Increases Bystander Intervention. Rescue One Training For Life. https://rescue-one.com/cpr-aed-training-for-high-school-students-increases-bystander-intervention
  82. Ritchie, H. & Roser, M. (2020). Gender ratio. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/gender-ratio#what-share-of-the-population-is-male-and-female
  83. Russell, J. M. (2021). Sampling Techniques and Ethics. Significant Statistics. https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/introstatistics/chapter/data-sampling-and-variation-in-data-and-sampling/
  84. Saquib, S. A., Al-Harthi, H. M., Khoshhal, A. A., Shaher, A. A., Al-Shammari, A. B., Khan, A. A., Al-Qahtani, T. A., & Khalid, I. (2019). Knowledge and attitude about basic life support and emergency medical services amongst healthcare interns in University Hospitals: A cross-sectional study. Emergency Medicine International, 1–8.  https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9342892
  85. Schmoker, K. (2021). Implementing CPR training in schools. Sigma Nursing Repository.  http://hdl.handle.net/10755/21953
  86. Section II: Emergency care/illness. (2021). Rowan-Salisbury School System.  https://www.rssed.org/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&ModuleInstanceID=169&ViewID=7b97f7ed-8e5e-4120-848f-a8b4987d588f&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=66&PageID=164#:~:
  87. Short, T., Baird, T., Dluzynski, D., Vanscoy, R., & Panchal, A. R. (2020). Abstract 357: Will a college student perform conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a stranger? Circulation, 142(Suppl_4).  https://doi.org/10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.357
  88. Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding descriptive research designs and methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 34(1), 8–12.  https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.0000000000000493
  89. Simkus, J. (2022) Simple random sampling: Definition, steps and examples. Simply Psychology.  https://www.simplypsychology.org/simple-random-sampling.html
  90. Song, J., Guo, W., Lu, X., Kang, X., Song, Y., & Gong, D. (2018). The effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 26(1).  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-018-0552-8
  91. Ssewante, N., Wekha, G., Iradukunda, A., Musoke, P., Kanyike, A. M., Nabukeera, G., Wamala, N. K., Zziwa, W., Kamuhangire, L., Kajjimu, J., Luggya, T. S., & Tagg, A. (2022). Basic life support, a necessary inclusion in the medical curriculum: A cross-sectional survey of knowledge and attitude in Uganda. BMC Medical Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03206-z
  92. Statista. (2022). Philippines: Mortality cases in NCR by City. Statista.  https://www.statista.com/statistics/1120643/philippines-number-heart-disease-cases-ncr-by-city
  93. Statistics How To. (2021). Cochran's formula. Statistics How To.  https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/find-sample-size/
  94. Steinbaum, S. (2019). What You Should Know About Cardiac Arrest. WebMD.  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/ss/slideshow-cardiac-arrest-overview
  95. Sturny, L., Regard, S., Larribau, R., Niquille, M., Savoldelli, G. L., Sarasin, F., Schiffer, E., & Suppan, L. (2021). Differences in basic life support knowledge between junior medical students and lay people: Web-based questionnaire study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.2196/25125
  96. Subki, A., Mortada, H., Alsallum, M., Alattas, A., Almalki, M., & Hindi, M. et al. (2018). Basic Life Support Knowledge Among a Nonmedical Population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Study. Interactive Journal Of Medical Research, 7(2), e10428.  https://doi.org/10.2196/10428
  97. Sudden cardiac arrest can have warning signs. (2022). Geisinger.org. https://www.geisinger.org/health-and-wellness/wellnessarticles/2018/11/13/17/52/sudden-cardiac-arrest-can-have-warning-signs
  98. Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Children - Causes, Signs, Risk Factors. (2022). Simon’s Heart.  https://simonsheart.org/sudden-cardiac-arrest-in-children/
  99. Sudden cardiac arrest - Symptoms and causes. (2021). Mayo Clinic.  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptomscauses/syc-20350634
  100. Süss-Havemann, C., Kosan, J., Seibold, T., Dibbern, N. M., Daubmann, A., Kubitz, J. C., & Beck, S. (2020). Implementation of basic life support training in schools: A randomised controlled trial evaluating self-regulated learning as alternative training concept. BMC Public Health, 20(1).  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8161-7
  101. Tadesse, M., Assen Seid, S., Getachew, H., & Ali, S. (2022). Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards basic life support among graduating class health science and medical students at Dilla University; a cross sectional study. Annals Of Medicine And Surgery, 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104588
  102. The Theory of Planned Behavior. (2022). Bu.edu.  https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/BehavioralChangeTheories3.html
  103. Tsai, M. F., Wang, L. H., Lin, M. S., & Chen, M. Y. (2019). What Do Adolescents Learn From a 50 Minute Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/Automated External Defibrillator Education in a Rural Area: A Pre-Post Design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1053.  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/6/1053
  104. United Nations. (2023). Youth. https://www.unesco.org/en/youth
  105. Uny, I., Angus, K., Duncan, E., & Dobbie, F. (2022). Barriers and facilitators to delivering bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in deprived communities: A systematic review. Perspectives in Public Health.  https://doi.org/10.1177/17579139211055497
  106. USC Libraries. (2022). Organizing your Social Sciences Research Paper: Quantitative Methods. Research Guides.  https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/quantitative
  107. USCPR Online. (2022). 5 Reasons Why Basic Life Support (BLS) Training is Essential. CPR and First Aid Guide. USCPR Online.  https://www.uscpronline.com/blog/5-reasons-why-basic-life-support-bls-training-is-essential/
  108. Velasco, Jr., R. N., Francisco, M. D., & Llanes, E. J. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and practice on the basic life support among medical interns of the Philippine General Hospital. Acta Medica Philippina, 55(1).  https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v55i1.2941
  109. Vu, D. H., Hoang, B. H., Do, N. S., Do, G. P., Dao, X. D., Nguyen, H. H., Luu, Q. T., Nguyen, L. H., & Nakahara, S. (2022). Why bystanders did not perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: A multi-center study in Hanoi (Vietnam). Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 37(1), 101–105.  https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x21001369
  110. Wati, S. G., Wihastuti, T. A., & Nasution, T. H. (2021). Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Identify a Nursing Student's Intention to be a Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. NurseLine Journal, 6(1), 23-30.  https://doi.org/10.19184/nlj.v6i1.19228
  111. What are Defibrillators? (2022). National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/defibrillators
  112. What Is Cardiac Arrest? (2022, May 19). NHLBI, NIH.  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/cardiac-arrest.
  113. Why Stand Clear When Using an AED? (2022). American Health Care Academy.  https://cpraedcourse.com/blog/why-stand-clear-when-using-an-aed/
  114. Williamson, L. (2020). Why people fear performing CPR on women – and what to do about it. American Heart Association.  https://www.heart.org/en/news/2020/11/23/why-people-fear-performing-cpr-on-women-and-what-to-do-about-it
  115. Wingen, S., Ecker, H., Schroeder, D. C., Bartholme, B., Böttiger, B. W., & Wetsch, W. A. (2022). Addressing the helper’s and victim’s gender is crucial in schoolchildren resuscitation training—a prospective, educative interventional trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(9), 2384.  https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092384
  116. World Population Review. (2022). Quezon City Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). (2022). World Population Review.  https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/quezon-city-population
  117. Yan, S., Gan, Y., Jiang, N., Wang, R., Chen, Y., Luo, Z., Zong, Q., Chen, S., & Lv, C. (2020). The global survival rate among adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care, 24(1).  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2773-2
  118. Yan, S., Gan, Y., Wang, R., Song, X., Zhou, N., & Lv, C. (2020). Willingness to attend cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and the associated factors among adults in China. Critical Care, 24(1).  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03165-1
  119. Yi Ern, L., Teck Vui, L., Ramesh, S., Rajan, K., & Arangala , T. A. (2020). Risk Perception and Willingness to Perform Basic Life Support Following the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic. International Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 5(3).  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343181377
  120. Yoon, W., Ro, Y. S., & Cho, S.-il. (2019). A mediation analysis of the effect of practical training on the relationship between demographic factors, and bystanders’ self-efficacy in CPR Performance. PLOS ONE, 14(4).  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215432
  121. Yow, A. G., Rajasurya, V., & Sharma, S. (2022). Sudden Cardiac Death. StatPearls Publishing.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507854/
  122. Zaayman, H. (2020). A Description of The Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Bystander CPR Amongst Participants in A Community Outreach Initiative in Cape Town. SUNScholar.  http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/109174