Home⇛International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research⇛vol. 4 no. 11 (2023)

Defending Women Journalists in the Philippines from Threats and Intimidations

Abigail C. Gomez

 

Abstract:

Despite the studies on defending journalism and coming up with various practices to protect journalists, still, the Philippines ranked as the third worst country in impunity versus journalists in the 2016 Global Impunity Index released by the Committee to Protect Journalists. In 2017, 2018, and 2019, it ranked fifth in the same impunity index. Then, the country ranked 7th and was still consistently part of the Top 10 rankings for the past three years, 2020, 2021, and 2022. This shows that the number of threats against journalists remains significant. This study deals with quantitative approaches to determine the threats and intimidations that selected women journalists face and provide course of actions which media companies may use to at least lower the ranking of the country in the impunity index. Results reveal that the most common threats and intimidations received by the women journalists in line of doing their duty are: blackmailing from sources, threats of physical violence, and public humiliation/ threats to humiliate (even in online platforms). Likewise, women journalists prove that they experience forms of harassments like receiving offers of sexual favors from their sources and employers in exchange of promotion and information privileges. To address these issues, corrective, preventive, and developmental actions are proposed to be implemented in respective media companies. Among these actions, the formation of a gender and development unit, ethics investigation committee, and local cybercrime division in the company are evaluated as the most acceptable and feasible actions for the women journalists. It is imperative that these recommendations be taken seriously and implemented to ensure a safer environment for women journalists in the Philippines and to safeguard the freedom and integrity of journalism in the country.



References:

  1. Abdullah, N. H., Shamsuddin, A., Wahab, E., & Hamid, N. A. A. (2014). The Relationship between Organizational Culture and Product Innovativeness. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.659
  2. Ali Ramadan Akhlif, M., & Tham, J. (2020). Antecedent of Employee Engagement and its Impact on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment among Civil Aviation Employees. Psychology and Education, 57(9), 2688–2699. www.psychologyandeducation.net
  3. Baker, C. (2017). Quantitative research designs: Experimental, quasi-experimental, and descriptive. Evidence-Based Practice: An Integrative Approach to Research, Administration, and Practice, 155–183.
  4. Bello, Z., & Tanko, G. I. (2020). Review of Work-Life Balance Theories GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review Review of Work-Life Balance Theories. GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(January), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.4(3)CITATION
  5. Bostley, M. A. (2019). Basics of research design: A guide to selecting appropriate research design. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Researches, Vol. 6, No(5). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342354309_Basics_of_Research_Design_A_Guide_to_selecting_appropriate_research_design.
  6. Commer Soc Sci, P. J., & Sait Dinc, M. (2017). Organizational Commitment Components and Job Performance: Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 11(3), 773–789.
  7. Demming, C. L., Jahn, S., & Boztuğ, Y. (2017). Conducting Mediation Analysis in Marketing Research. Marketing: ZFP – Journal of Research and Management, 39(3), 76–93.
  8. DeYoreo, M. (2018). Stratified Random Sampling. In B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation (pp. 1624-1624). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506326139.n671
  9. Hadi, N., & Tentama, F. (2020). Affective Commitment, Continuance Commitment and Normative Commitment in Reflecting Organizational Commitment. American International Journal of Business Management, 3(8), 148–156. www.aijbm.com
  10. Helvaci, M. A., Bakalim, O., & Akkoyun, Ü. (2017). the Work-Life Balance of Academics. The Online Journal of New Horizons in Education, 7(4), 80–92. www.tojned.net
  11. Ho, J. T. S. (1996). Stress, health and leisure satisfaction: The case of teachers. International Journal of Educational Management, 10(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513549610105353
  12. Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2017). Educational Research ( 7th Edition). In SAGE Publications, Inc.
  13. Jordan, G., Miglič, G., Todorović, I., & Marič, M. (2017). Psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment among lecturers in higher education: Comparison of six CEE countries. Organizacija, 50(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/orga-2017-0004
  14. Joshi Sethi, U. (2014). Influence of Work-Life Balance on Organisational Commitment: A Comparative Study of Women Employees Working in Public and Private Sector Banks. European Journal of Business and ManagementOnline), 6(34), 215–219.
  15. Kim, J., & Jung, H.-S. (2022). The Effect of Employee Competency and Organizational Culture on Employees’ Perceived Stress for Better Workplace. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084428.
  16. Kucharska, W., & Bedford, D. A. D. (2019). Love Your Mistakes!-They Help You Adapt To Change. The New Scale Of Learning Culture. GUT FME Working Papers Series A, 2019(8) https://scholar.google.comftp//ftp.zie.pg.gda.pl/RePEc/gdk/wpaper/WP_GUTFME_A_60_KucharskaBedford.pdf
  17. Laguador, J. (2017). Work-Life Balance and Job Performance Among Employees of a Tertiary Hospital in the Philippines SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICA AND ASA PACIFIC View project. October, 9–24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336361897
  18. Lemboye, O. T. (2019). Correlational Analysis of the Relationship Among Mastery Experience , Self-Efficacy , and Project Success.
  19. Magallanes, K., Chung, J. Y., & Lee, S. (2022). The Philippine Teachers Concerns on Educational Reform Using Concern Based Adoption Model. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2022.  763991
  20. Nazneen, A., & Saleh Miralam, M. (2017). Nazneen & Miralam (2017) 1427 I www.irmbrjournal. International Review of Management and Business Research, 6(1968), 4. www.irmbrjournal.com
  21. Ortillo, E., Ancho, I., & Ancho, I. (2021). Design of Teachers’ Wellness Program: The Experience of Filipino School Principals. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(3), 1.
    https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i3.14548.
  22. Wolor, C. W., Kurnianti, D., Zahra, S. F., & Martono, S. (2020). The importance of work-life balance on employee performance millennial generation in Indonesia. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(9), 1103–1108. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.203
  23. Yuh, J. (2022). The Impact of Affective Commitment and Leisure Satisfaction on Employees’ Quality of Life. The Open Psychology Journal, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/18743501-v15-e2205111.

Tools


Copyright © 2024  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic