HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 15 no. 8 (2023)

EMOTIONAL STATES AS CORRELATES TO PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG CHILDREN-IN-CONFLICT-WITH-THE-LAW: BASIS FOR A WELLNESS PROGRAM

Aida Monterozo

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The current study aimed to better understand the correlation of emotional states and psychological well-being among children- in-conflict-with-the-law. Participants were 71 children-in-conflict-withthe-law detained at Manila Youth Reception Center. This study utilized correlation research design. They have completed a battery of tests that are highly reliable and valid examining the socioeducational profile such as length of stay, educational level and family structure, their emotional states (depression, anxiety & stress) and the components of Ryff’s psychological well-being. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and rank were used to determine the level of desired constructs. Since the data is non- linear, the non-parametric testSpearman rho rank was used to determine the degree and significant relationship between variables under study. Data analysis revealed that children in conflict with the law have mild, stress, moderate depression and severe anxiety. Correlational analysis shows that psychological well-being is inversely and largely correlated with anxiety and stress thus with high psychological well-being there could be great propensity of lower anxiety and stress. Explanations for these findings, conclusions and recommendations were discussed.



References:

  1. Aala, K.,Ramos,J.,Mendoza. R. Magnaye. E. & Bautista M.( 2013). INTERVENTIONPROGRAMS ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY. Asian Academic Research. Journalof Social Science & Humanities https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/AARJSH-INTERVENTION-PROGRAMS-ON-JUVENILE-DELINQUENCY.pdf
  2. Abella, Jhessie l (2016). Extent of the Factors Influencing the Delinquent Acts among Childrenin Conflict with the Law. Department of Nursing and Allied Health, CELTECHCollege, 1673 Waterdam Road Balic Balic Sta Rita, Olongapo City, Zambales 2200,Philippines
  3. Abbott, R. A., Ploubidis, G. B., Huppert, F. A., Kuh, D., & Croudace, T. J. (2010). AnEvaluation of the Precision of Measurement of Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scalesin a Population Sample. Social indicators research, 97(3), 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9506-x
  4. Achakanalli, V. & Kumbhar S.I. (2017) SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS RESPONSIBLEFOR INCREASING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND VARIOUSREHABILITATIVE MEASURES OF GOVERNMENT. Scholarly Research Journalfor Humanity Science & English Language, Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACTFACTOR 2017: 5.068, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL, OCT-NOV2018, VOL- 6/30
  5. Adel, Rosette (2017) “Joey de Leon slammed for depression remark, Maine praised for takingstand”. PhilippinStar Global https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/on-the-radar/2017/10/05/1745821/joey-de-leon-slammed-depression-remark-maine-praised-taking-stand
  6. “Adolescent Mental Health.”(2020) .World Health Organizations, newsroom. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
  7. Aguilar, M. V. (2016) Instilling Values to Children in Conflict with the Law in a YouthFacility. Journal of Human Values. 10.1177/0971685816650574
  8. Akesson, B., Smyth, J. M., Mandell, D. J., Doan, T., Donina, K., & Hoven, C. W. (2012).Parental involvement with the criminal justice system and the effects on theirchildren: a collaborative model for researching vulnerable families. Social work inpublic health, 27(1-2), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2012.629898
  9. American Psychological Association (2021) https://www.apa.org/topics/depressionAmericanPsychiatricAssociation. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-5), Fifth edition. 2013.
  10. Antasuda, T.M, Conlu, A.T.,et.,al. (2016) Lived Experiences of Children in Conflict with theLaw at a Local Government Facility, Annual Refereed Multidisciplinary ResearchJournal . Vol 3 No.1
  11. Atienza, C & Magkilat, B. (2019, Feb 5) Conflict over children in conflict with the law. ManilaBulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2019/02/05/conflict-over-children-in-conflict-with-the-law/
  12. Barnert, E. S., Dudovitz, R., Nelson, B. B., Coker, T. R., Biely, C., Li, N., & Chung, P. J.(2017). How Does Incarcerating Young People Affect Their Adult HealthOutcomes?. Pediatrics, 139(2), e20162624. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2624
  13. Bauldry S. (2015). Variation in the Protective Effect of Higher Education againstDepression. Society and mental health, 5(2), 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869314564399
  14. Becker, S. P., & Kerig, P. K. (2011). Posttraumatic stress symptoms are associated with thefrequency and severityof delinquency among detained boys. Journal of Clinical Child& Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 765-771.
  15. Beirão, D., Monte, H., Amaral, M. et al. Depression in adolescence: a review. Middle EastCurr Psychiatry 27, 50 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-020-00050-zBerjot, S & Gillet, N. (2011) Stress and coping with discrimination and stigmatization.Frontiers in psychology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110961/
  16. Biswas, Charushila (2017) 15 Easy Brain Gym Exercises To Improve Focus And MemoryISSA Certified Fitness Nutritionist Evidence Based https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/simple-brain-gym-exercises-and-its-benefits/
  17. Boccio, C. M., & Beaver, K. M. (2019). The influence of family structure on delinquentbehavior. Youth violence and juvenile justice, 17(1), 88-106.
  18. Boman IV, J. H., & Mowen, T. J. (2018). Same feathers, different flocks: Breaking down themeaning of ‘behavioral Homophily’in the etiology of crime. Journal of criminaljustice, 54, 30-40.
  19. Cabico, G. K. (2019, January 21). Council for the Welfare of Children: Jailing kids a 'short-sighted solution'. Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/01/21/1886939/council-welfare-children-jailing-kids-short-sighted-solution
  20. Cabildo, J., and Cruz MR., (2016). Children in conflict with law Philippine DailyInquirer.Retrieved from: http://opinion.inquirer.net/95882/children-in-conflict-with-law
  21. Canopy Health (2017, April) Building better mental health). Retrievedfrom https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-health/building-better-mental-health.htm.
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Mental health surveillance among42 children – UnitedStates, 2005—2011. MMWR 2013; 62 (Supply; May 16, 2013):1-35.
  23. Chavez, C. B.. (2011). Profile and Documented Offenses of Children-In-Conflict with the Lawin Davao City. UMResearch Journal, 8(1). Retrieved from http://ejournals.ph/form/cite.php?id=2085
  24. Cooper, R. (2021) “What is Psychological Well-being”. Manchester Technology Center https://www.robertsoncooper.com/blog/what-is-psychological-wellbeing/
  25. Costa, D., Cunha, M., Ferreira, C., Gama, A., Machado-Rodrigues, A. M., Rosado-Marques,V. ... & Padez, C. (2020). Self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress inPortuguese primary school-aged children. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-12.
  26. Crego, A., Yela, J. R., Gómez-Martínez, M. Á., Riesco-Matías, P., & Petisco-Rodríguez, C.(2021). Relationships between Mindfulness, Purpose in Life, Happiness, Anxiety, andDepression: Testing a Mediation Model in a Sample of Women. International Journalof Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 925.
  27. Cruz, Sofia T. (2018) ‘Is the Philippines ready to address mental health/” Rappler.com rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/philippines-readiness-address-mental-health
  28. Dattani, S., Ritchie,H. & Roser Max(2021)”Mental Health”. Published online at OurWorldInData.org.Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/mental-healthDe Guia, R. (2019) Juvenile Injustices: Children in Conflict withLaw in the Philippines. AsiaPacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law
  29. De-Juanas, Á. Bernal Romero, T., & Goig, R. (2020). The Relationship betweenPsychological Well-Being and Autonomy in Young People According to Age. Frontiers in Psychology, 3055.
  30. Denler, H., Wolters, C., & Benzon, M. (2014). Social cognitive theory.Depression. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https://www.verywellmind.com/clinically-significant-depression-1067143
  31. Development Services Group, Inc. 2010. “Cognitive Behavioral Treatment.” Literaturereview. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. https://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg/litreviews/Cognitive_Behavioral_Treatment.pdf
  32. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). (2013). Washington,D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
  33. Di Maria, Lauren (2020_ ( https://www.verywellmind.com/clinically-significant-depression-1067143
  34. Di Fabio, A. & Palazzeschi,L (2015). Hedonic and eudaimonic well-being: the role ofresilience beyond fluidintelligence and personality traits. Journals of FrontierPsychology .URL= https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01367DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01367
  35. Dominguez, Jemerson(2020). Case Research of Personology of Filipino Children in Conflictwith the Law (CICL).De La Salle University – Dasmariñas, PhilippinesDOI:10.24167/psidim.v19i1.2546
  36. Edgemon, T. & Warner, JC (2019) Inmate Mental Health and the Pains of Imprisonment.Sage Journal. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2156869318785424
  37. Edmondson, Olivia & MacLeod, Andrew (2014) Psychological Well-Being and AnticipatedPositive Personal Events: Their Relationship to Depression. Pubmed. Clin PsycholPsychotherapy. Sep-Oct 2015; 22(5):418-25.doi:10.1002/cpp.1911. Epub 2014 Jul 7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25044547/
  38. Engler, Barbara (2016) Theories of Personality. Cengage Learning. 9th edition.Farrington, D. P. (2010). Family influences on delinquency. Juvenile justice anddelinquency, 10, 203-222.
  39. Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., & Sartorius, N. (2015). Toward a newdefinition of mental health. World psychiatry: official journal of the World PsychiatricAssociation (WPA), 14(2), 231–233. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20231
  40. Gao, J., & Mclellan, R. (2018). Using Ryff's scales of psychological wellbeing in adolescentsin mainland China. BMC Psychology, 6(1). DOI: 10.1186/s40359-018-0231-6
  41. Gautam, Madhavi. (September 2020) Indian Juvenile Justice System: Child Conflict with theLaw. Lovely Professional University. 12 Sep 2020
  42. Gerani, J. (Manila Youth Reception Center. Retrieved from https://prezi.com/jmw_09humynr/manila-youth-reception-center/
  43. Giollabhui, N. M., Olino, T. M., Nielsen, J., Abramson, l Y., & Alloy, l B. (2019). Is WorseAttention a Risk Factor for or a Consequence of Depression, or Are Worse Attentionand Depression Better Accounted for by Stress? A Prospective Test of ThreeHypotheses. Clinical Psychological Science, 7(1), 93-109. Doi:10.1177/2167702618794920
  44. Gonzalez, T. (2017). Youth Incarceration, Health, and Length of Stay. Youth Incarceration,Health, and Length of Stay, 45(1). Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  45. Grant, F., Guille, C., & Sen, S. (2013). Well-being and the risk of depression understress. PloS one, 8(7), e67395. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067395
  46. Green, Andy (2018) Guilt and How it Affects Us. Mindpath Health https://www.mindpath.com/resource/guilt-affects-us/
  47. Gross, J. J., Uusberg, H., & Uusberg, A. (2019). Mental illness and well‐being: an affectregulation perspective. World Psychiatry, 18(2), 130-139.
  48. Harris, Nicole (2019, April 29). Teen Depression: Statistics, Causes, and Treatment.Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https://www.parents.com/kids/teens/depression/teen-depression-statistics-causes-and-treatment/
  49. Hartinger-Saunders, R. M., & Rine, C. M. (2011). The intersection of social process andsocial structure theories to address juvenile crime: Toward a collaborative interventionmodel Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 21(8), 909-925.doi:10.1080/10911359.2011.588533
  50. Henn, C. M., Hill, C., & Jorgensen, l I. (2016). An investigation into the factor structure ofthe Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being. SA Journal of IndustrialPsychology, 42(1). doi:10.4102/sajip.v42i1.1275
  51. Henwood, B. F., Derejko, K. S., Couture, J., & Padgett, D. K. (2015). Maslow and mentalhealth recovery: a comparative study of homeless programs for adults with seriousmental illness. Administration and policy in mental health, 42(2), 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-014-0542-8
  52. Hodgins,S. De Brito S.,Chhabra. P. & Cote, G.(2010) Anxiety disorders amongst offenderswithantisocial personality disorders: A distinct subtype?Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55 (2010), pp. 784-791
  53. Hovey,K. Zolkoski,S & Bullock,Linda(2017) Mental Health and the Juvenile Justice System:Issues Related to Treatment and Rehabilitation World Journal of Education https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1157674.pdf
  54. Husted, Hilary Sara,(2017) "The Relationship Between Psychological Well-Being andSuccessfully Transitioning to University" . Undergraduate Honors Theses. 54. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/psychK_uht/54
  55. Irene,, E..AA, Labid,S.A, & Pacayra, E.AA. (2013)) Status of children in conflict with thelaw in Samar, Philippines:Input to intervention program. Retrieved from https://researchgate.nnet
  56. Jarrett, Christian. (2018) How Prison Changes People. BBC Future https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20180430-the-unexpected-ways-prison-time-changes-people
  57. Jolliffea,D., Farringtonb,P Brunton-Smithc,I et al., (2019)Depression, anxiety anddelinquency: Results from the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Journal of Criminal Justice
  58. Johnson Listwan, S., Colvin, M., Hanley, D., & Flannery, D. (2010). Victimization, socialsupport, and psychological well-being: A study of recently released prisoners. Criminaljustice and behavior, 37(10), 1140-1159.
  59. Justice, F., & Better, F. C. (2013). A Roadmap for Change.
  60. Kale, A., Galadima, B.K., & Egwu, G. (2018). Psychological Wellbeing of Under graduateStudents and its Correlation with Socio-Demographic Variables: A Study of Universityof Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
  61. Kariuki, P. N., & Kent, H. D. (2014). The Effects of Brain Gym® Activities and TraditionalTeaching Strategies on Students' Performance in Comprehension in a 4th GradeClassroom. Online Submission.
  62. Karaś, D. , Karaś, D., & Cieciuch, J. (2017). Polish adaptation of Carol Ryff’s PsychologicalWell-Being Scales. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 20(4), 837-853.doi:10.18290/rpsych.2017.20.4-4en
  63. Kassis, W., Artz, S., & White, J. (2017). Understanding Depression in Adolescents: ADynamic Psychosocial Webof Risk and Protective Factors. Child & Youth CareForum, 46(5), 721–743.
  64. Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, et al. (2020)Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onsetdistributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World MentalHealth Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry 2007; 6: 168–76. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
  65. Killias, M., Gilliéron, G., Villard, F., & Poglia, C. (2010). How damaging is imprisonment inthe long-term? A controlled experiment comparing long-term effects of communityservice and short custodial sentences on re-offending and social integration. Journal ofexperimental Criminology, 6(2), 115-130.
  66. Konaszewski, K., Niesiobędzka, M. & Surzykiewicz, J. (2021) Resilience and mental healthamong juveniles: role of strategies for coping with stress. Health Qual LifeOutcomes 19, 58). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01701-3
  67. Lacuata, Rose Camille (2018). “Why the Philippines needs a mental health law”. ABS-CBN News https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/12/18/why-the-philippines-needs-a-mental-health-law
  68. Lally, John et al. “Mental health legislation in the Philippines: Philippine Mental Health Act.” BJPsych international vol 16,3 (2019): 65-67. doi:10.1192/bji.2018.33
  69. Lambie, I., & Randell, I. (2013). The impact of incarceration on juvenile offenders. Clinicalpsychology review, 33(3), 448-459.
  70. LaMorte, W. (2016). Behavioral change models: The social cognitive theory. Retrievedfrom http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPHModules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/BehavioralChangeTheories5.html
  71. Laura. C. (2019). The Social Effects of Detention on Undocumented Children. Immigrationand Human Rights Law Review. Retrieved March 26, 2021 https://lawblogs.uc.edu/ihrlr/2019/02/25/the-social-effects-of-detention-on-undocumented-children/
  72. Lebowitz, E. R. (2020). Understanding Child Anxiety. Breaking Free of Child Anxiety andOCD, 1-26. doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190883522.003.0001
  73. Lee, R. B., Maria, M. S., Estanislao, S., & Rodriguez, C. (2013). Factors Associated withDepressive Symptoms among Filipino University Students. PLoS ONE, 8(11).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079825
  74. Leigh, H & Perry.,A (2015) A systematic review of interventions for anxiety, depression, andPTSD in adult offenders International Journal of Offender Therapy and ComparativeCriminology, 59 (2015), pp. 701-725
  75. Lee, T. S. H., Sun, H. F., & Chiang, H. H. (2019). Development and validation of the short-form Ryff's psychological well-being scale for clinical nurses in Taiwan. Journal of
  76. Medical Sciences, 39(4), 157.Living Meanings (2015) Carol Ryff’s Model of Psychological Well-being; The Six Criteriaof Well-being. Living Meanings. Educational website. WordPress. https://livingmeanings.com/six-criteria-well-ryffs-multidimensional-model/WordPress.
  77. Lochner, l (2020). Education and crime. In The economics of education (pp. 109-117).Academic Press.
  78. Lumen Learning. Introduction toPsychology. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopenpsychology/chapter/introduction- retrieved October 2021.
  79. Macasero, Ryan (2019) Child Detention Centers Worse Than Animals Cages-CaloocanBishop. Philippine Star.
  80. Magtubo, C (2017) World Health Day 2017 focuses on depression, suicide. MIMS Today.Home and Health Wellness. Retrieved March 24,2021. https://today.mims.com/world-health-day-2017-focuses-on-depression—suicide
  81. Mamauag, C. P. (2017, July). Enhancement of Adversity Quotient® of Houseparents ofChildren in Conflict with the Law through Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https://www.peaklearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/PEAK_GRI_Mamauag_July-2017.pdf
  82. Maravilla, N. M. A., & Tan, M. J. (2021). Philippine Mental Health Act: just an act? A callto look into the bi-directionality of mental health and economy.
  83. Marcus, M., Yasamy, M. T., Ommeren, M. V., Chisholm, D., & Saxena, S. (2012).Depression: A Global Public Health Concern. PsycEXTRA Dataset. Doi: 10.1037/e517532013-004
  84. Mariani, Asnarulkhadi Samah-Filzah A (2017) Social Support and Psychological Well-beingamong Delinquents in Rehabilitation Centers in Malaysia.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences
  85. Mariano MPV. (2019) Moral competence and conduct disorder among Filipino children inconflict with the law. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2019 Sep; 39(3):194-202. Doi:10.1002/npr2.12071. Epub 2019 Jul 16. PMID: 31310054; PMCID: PMC7292316.
  86. Marpaung, M. G., Sareharto, T. P., Purwanti, A., & Hermawati, D. (2017, February). Braingym to increase academic performance of children aged 10-12 years old (experimentalstudy in tembalang elementary school and pedalangan elementary school semarang).In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol 55, No. 1, p.012017). IOP Publishing.
  87. McLeod, S. A. (2015, January 14). Psychological theories of depression. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/depression.html
  88. Melkevik, O., Hauge, l J., Bendtsen, P., Reneflot, A., Mykletun, A., & Aarø, l E. (2016).Associations between delayed completion of high school and educational attainmentand symptom levels of anxiety and depression in adulthood. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 1-7.
  89. Mendoza, H. (2017) Juvenile Delinquency in the Philippines: 2010-2017. Philippine E-Journal Mental Help Net. (2021)Cognitive Theories of Major Depression – Aaron Beck. AmericanAddiction Centers https://www.mentalhelp.net/depression/cognitive-theories/
  90. Mental Health Weekly (2019) American Academy of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryDepression Resource Center. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mhw.31874
  91. Midgley, N., Parkinson, S., Holmes, J., Stapley, E., Eatough, V., & Target, M. (2015).Beyond a diagnosis: the experience of depression among clinically-referredadolescents. Journal of adolescence, 44, 269-279.
  92. Mohamed, S. R., Mosallem, F. A. E. H., & Mohamed, N. A. E. M. (2014). Social Supportnd Psychological Distress among Adolescents in Foster Care. Assiut ScientificNursing Journal, 2(3), 79-89. Reserved
  93. Morin,A. (2020). How to Improve Your Psychological Well-being. Your emotional health iskey to a happy life. Verywell mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/improve-psychological-well-being-4177330
  94. Morrish, L., Rickard, N., Chin, T. C., & Vella-Brodrick, D. (2018). Emotion regulation inadolescent well-being and positive education. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(5),1543-1564. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9881-y
  95. Mukaka, M. M. (2012). A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medicalresearch. Malawi medical journal, 24(3), 69-71.
  96. Mullin,Bunker -What is Stress . Lumin learning https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bhccintropsych/chapter/what-is-stress/ Retrieved March 24, 2021
  97. Musalay, P., & Laliteshwari, K. (2017). Self-compassion and cognitive emotion regulationamong juvenile delinquents. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 8(8), 805-810.
  98. Mwangangi,Rosemary Kakonzi(2019) "The Role of Family in Dealing with JuvenileDelinquency" Open Journal of Social Sciences, Vol7 No.3, 2019
  99. Nagaraj M (2017), Anxiety and Psychological Well-Being among Adult and Old Age,International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 4, (3), DIP: 18.01.099/20170403
  100. Nasir, R., Zamani, Z. A., & Khairudin, R. (2010). Effects of family functioning, self-esteem,and cognitive distortion on depression among Malay and Indonesian juveniledelinquents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7, 613-620.
  101. National Institute of Mental Health. (Data from 2013 National Survey on Drug Use andHealth.) www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/major-depression-among-adults.shtml
  102. Ng, Desmond, CAN Insider,Philippines, May 25, 2019 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/cnainsider/philippines-problem-children-committing-brazen-juvenile-crimes-881021
  103. Novotney,Amy((2019) Better ways to combat anxiety in youth. American PsychologicalAssociation. Vol 50, No. 11 https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/12/combat-anxiet
  104. Opree, S. J., Buijzen, M., & Van Reijmersdal, E. A. (2018). Development and validation ofthe psychological well-being scale for children (PWB-c). Societies, 8(1), 18.
  105. Palomares, Perla (2018).Children In Conflict With the Law in the Bureau of JailManagement and Penology and Pag-Asa (Hope) Youth Center in Iligan City .MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City. Vol 5 No.2
  106. Panjwani, , Qammerulnisa,M, Jiwani,Ali-Dilshad J. – 2015 Factors Associated withDepression Severity in Adolescence i-manager’s Journal on Nursing
  107. Parrocha-Dilim, J. (2018) DOH: Suicide Can Be Prevented”. Philippine InformationAgency.https://flyingketchup.ph/doh-suicide-can-be-prevented/ Peres, Josie B. (2017).One in EveryTen Filipinos Ages 6 to 24 Years is an Out of School Youthphdsd.staff@psa.gov.ph
  108. Philippine National Police (2017). The Philippines’ little delinquents, committing some ofthe most brazen crimes. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/cnainsider/philippines-problem-children-committing-brazen-juvenile-crimes-881021
  109. Philippine Star. com.(2019) DOH: It’s time to talk about, address depression https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/01/17/1885890/doh-its-time-talk-about-address-depression
  110. Pierce, N., & Hoelterhoff, M. (2017). Cognitive theories of depression in online peer supportforums: Exploring the cognitive triad. Journal of European Psychology Students, 8(1),7-14.
  111. Pössel, P. (2016). Comparing Different Sequential Mediational Interpretations of Beck’sCognitive Model of Depression in Adolescents. Journal of Youth andAdolescence, 46(4), 725-743. Doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0551-x
  112. Parkitny, l, & McAuley, J. (2010). The depression anxiety stress scale (DASS). J
  113. Physiother, 56(3), 204.
  114. Prendi, A. (2014). Psychological Wellbeing of the Minor in Conflict with theLaw. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(4), 488-488.
  115. Punay, Edu (2019). “3.3 Million Pinoys Suffer from Depression”. The Philippine Star https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/08/29/1947360/33-million-pinoys-suffer-depression
  116. Puyat, J. H., Gastardo-Conaco, M. C., Natividad, J., & Banal, M. A. (2021). Depressivesymptoms among young adults in the Philippines: Results from a nationwide cross-sectional survey. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 3, 100073.The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CCBY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )
  117. Rajankar, Pallavi. A Study of Social Factors and Juvenile Deliquency. Academia Edu. https://www.academia.edu/30312906/A_Study_of_Social_Factors_and_Juvenile_Delinquency. < Retrieved. August 2021.
  118. Raphael, Jeny and K, Varghese, Psychological Well-Being and Anxiety among AdolescentsAnalysis along Wellness: Illness Continuum (January 14, 2014). International Journalof Innovative Research & Development, January 2014, Available atSSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2690659
  119. Rathus, Spencer (2019) Psychology 5th Editon. Cengage Learning Asia.
  120. Rijo, D., Brazão, N., Barroso, R. et al. Mental health problems in male young offenders incustodial versus community based-programs: implications for juvenile justiceinterventions. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 10, 40 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-016-0131-6 reserved
  121. Robst, J., Armstrong, M., & Dollard, N. (2015). The Intersection of Mental Health andJuvenile Justice for Youth with and without Trauma. SSRN Electronic Journal.doi:10.2139/ssrn.2556183
  122. Rhodes, Samantha (2017). Why We Have a Need for Affection. EverydayHealth.com https://www.everydayhealth.com/healthy-living/why-we-have-need-affection/#:~:text=The%20need%20for%20affection%20solidifies,%2C%20according%20to%20about.com
  123. Romero, A. (2013, October 9). New Juvenile justice law signed. Retrieved March 30, 2021,from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/10/09/1243132/new-juvenile-justice-law-signed#fuRgLu2Bl9kHkheW.99
  124. Ronad ,Susheel kumar V., Kori,Ashok, Kosagi,Srinivas, Obanaik P, Timapur,R.M., KiranKumar T and Sushma (2017). Psycho-Social Factors of Children in Conflict with Lawat Care Institutions in Indian Context. Interdisciplinary Journal of Nursing and CriticalCare. Volume 1, Issue 1.
  125. Rosenberger, C. A. (2020). Does Level of Education Make a Difference? An Examination inEmotion-basedDecision-making. Journal of Articles in Support of the NullHypothesis, 17(1).
  126. Rufino,M V (2018) Understanding Depression. Beyond Brushstrokes. Business World
  127. ublishing. https://www.bworldonline.com/understanding-depression/
  128. Ruggeri, K., Garcia-Garzon, E., Maguire, Á. et al. Well-being is more than happiness andife satisfaction: a multidimensional analysis of 21 countries. Health Qual LifeOutcomes 18, 19 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01423-y
  129. Ryff C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: advances in the science and practiceof eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 83(1), 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
  130. Ryff CD (2016) Eudaimonic well-being and education: Probing the connections. In: HarwardDW (ed) Well-being and higher education: A strategy for change and the realization ofeducation’s greater purposes. Bringing Theory to Practice, Washington, DC, pp 37–48
  131. Ryff, C. D. (2017). Eudaimonic well-being, inequality, and health: recent findings and futuredirections. Int. Rev. Econ. 64, 159–178. doi: 10.1007/s12232-017-0277-4
  132. Ryff, C.D., Boylan, J. & Kirsch J. (2021). Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-being. OxfordUniversity Press. https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780197512531.001.0001/oso-9780197512531-chapter-5
  133. Shafiq, F., Haider, S. I., & Ijaz, S. (2020). Anxiety, Depression, Stress, and Decision-Makingamong Orphans andNon-Orphans in Pakistan. Psychology research and behavior. Management, 13, 313–318. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S245154
  134. Sanchez, J. C. (2017). Overview of Philippine Juvenile Justice and Welfare. Tokyo, Japan:UNAFEI (164th International Training Course Participants’ Papers), 141-144.
  135. San Juan, Joel & Mayuga,Jonathan(2016) Juvenile Criminals: Waiting for that secondchance.Business Mirror. https://businessmirror.com.ph/2016/10/26/juvenile-criminals-waiting-for-that-second-chance/
  136. Savignac, Julie. “Families, Youth and Delinquency: the State of Knowledge, and Family-Based Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Programs.” Public Safety Canada / Sécurité
  137. Publique Canada, 31 Jan. 2018, www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/fmls-yth-dlnqnc/index-en.aspx.
  138. Schaefer, D. R., Kornienko, O., & Fox, A. M. (2011). Misery does not love company:Network selection mechanisms and depression homophily. American SociologicalReview, 76(5), 764-785.
  139. Schultz, D. & Schultz, S. (2017) - Theories of personality Wadsworth Cengage LearningSemenza, D.C., Grosholz, J.M. Mental and physical health in prison: how co-occurringconditions influence inmate misconduct. Health Justice 7, 1 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-018-0082-5
  140. Serra, G. (2017). Factors Associated with Depression Severity in Adolescence. oi:10.26226/morressier.588f064fd462b8028d891e45
  141. Silva, M. C. D., Cruz, A. P. M., & Teixeira, M. O. (2021). Depression, anxiety, and drugusage history indicators among institutionalized juvenile offenders ofBrasilia. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 34.
  142. Snehil, G., & Sagar, R. (2020). Juvenile justice system, juvenile mental health, and the roleof MHPs: Challenges and opportunities. Indian journal of psychologicalmedicine, 42(3), 304-310.
  143. Swhelper, (2015). The Importance of Mental Health Awareness. https://swhelper.org/2015/11/17/importance-mental-health-awareness/
  144. Spruit,Anouk(2016).The care of Filipino juvenile offenders in residential facilities evaluatedusing the risk-needresponsivity modelInternational Journal of Law and Psychiatry
  145. Study,Corgi. (2020, December 20). Depression and Cognitive Psychotherapy Retrieved from https://studycorgi.com/depression-and-cognitive-psychotherapy-approaches/
  146. Teplin, l A., Abram, K. M., Mcclelland, G. M., Dulcan, M. K., & Mericle, A. A. (2019).Psychiatric Disorders in Youth in Juvenile Detention. Clinical Forensic Psychology andLaw, 361-372. Doi: 10.4324/9781351161565-19
  147. Thomas, Ligi,MD(2021). Prisoner Depression and Low Mood. News-Medicalnet https://www.news-medicalnet/health/Prisoner-Depression-and-Low-Mood.aspx
  148. Thomas, P. A., Liu, H., & Umberson, D. (2017). Family Relationships and Well-Being. Innovation in aging, 1(3), igx025. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx025
  149. Thompson, K. C., & Morris, R. J. (2016). Juvenile delinquency and disability. In JuvenilDelinquency and Disability (pp. 31-39). Springer, Cham.
  150. Thorsteinsson, E. B., Ryan, S. M., & Sveinbjornsdottir, S. (2013). The mediating effects ofsocial support and coping on the stress-depression relationship in rural and urbanadolescents. Open Journal of Depression, 2(01), 1.
  151. Tiwari, P., & Tripathi, N. (2015). Relationship between Depression and Psychological Well-being of Students ofProfessional Courses. The International Journal of Indian Psychology. 2, 3, 139, 133.
  152. Townsend, E., Walker, D. M., Sargeant, S., Vostanis, P., Hawton, K., Stocker, O., & Sithole,. (2010). Systematicreview and meta-analysis of interventions relevant for youngoffenders with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, or self-harm. Journal ofadolescence, 33(1), 9-20.
  153. Truschel, Jessica (2021). Depression Definition and DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria. RemedyHealth Media
  154. Turner, D., Wolf, A. J., Barra, S., Müller, M., Hertz, P. G., Huss, M., & Retz, W. (2020). Thessociation between adverse childhood experiences and mental health problems inyoung offenders. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1-13.
  155. Tutor2u.net (2021) Explaining Depression - Beck’s Cognitive Triad. Psychology Reference https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/explaining-depression-becks-cognitive-triad
  156. Underwood, Lee & Washington,A (2016) . Mental Illness and Juvenile Offenders. Int JEnviron Res Public Health. 2016 Feb published online 2016 Fe18. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph13020228
  157. UNICEF.Philippines (2017).NGOs, government agencies, and child rights advocates urgeCongress: Retain minimum age of criminal liability; reinforce Juvenile Justice Law https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/ngos-government-agencies-child-rights-advocates-urge-congress-retain-minimum-age
  158. Urminita, H. (2016) A Case study on Children in Conflict with the Law in Caloocan City.national College of Public Administration and Governance, University of thePhilippine. Quezon City.
  159. Venkatachalam,C. & Aravindan, S. (2014). JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AS A RESULTOF BROKEN HOMES. JOURNAl OF INTERNATIONAl ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 2,Issue 8
  160. Wakefield, S, Baronia, R., Brennan S. (2019) Depression in Justice-involvedYouth. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 28:3, pages 327-336.
  161. Watson, A., & Kelso, G. l (2014). The Effect of Brain Gym® on Academic Engagement forChildren with Developmental Disabilities. International Journal of SpecialEducation, 29(2), 75-83.
  162. White, H. R., Shi, J., Hirschfield, P., Mun, E. Y., & Loeber, R. (2010). Effects of institutionalconfinement for delinquency on levels of depression and anxiety among maleadolescents. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 8(4), 295-313.
  163. Wiliyanarti, P. F., Rofiatin, I., Nasrullah, D., & Yulianto, Y. (2018). The Comparative Study:Self-Acceptance, Environmental Development and Depression on Elderly. HealthNotions, 2(2), 212-220.
  164. Wood, A. M., & Joseph, S. (2010). The absence of positive psychological (eudemonic) well-being as a risk factor for depression: A ten year cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(3), 213-217. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.032World Health Organization (WHO) (2018) Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause,Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000-2016. World Health Organization.
  165. World Youth Report. United Nations Organization Chapter 7. Page 190-192 (2003. JSTORWeb. 2nd January 2015
  166. Young, J. T. (2011). How do they ‘end up together’? A social network analysis of self-control, homophily, and adolescent relationships. Journal of QuantitativeCriminology, 27(3), 251-273.
  167. Zwi, Karen (2015) Detained Children Risk Life-long Physical and Mental Harm https://theconversation.com/detained-children-risk-life-long-physical-and-mental-harm.