HomeJournal of Interdisciplinary Perspectivesvol. 2 no. 11 (2024)

Quality of Prenatal Care Among Mothers in Selected Barangays in Davao City, Philippines

Regel Ivan Kent P. Matutino | Mohammed Bien M. Kulintang | Christian Joy C. Salas | Joyce T. Pechera | Audrey Anne T. Mantilla | Eranah Kaye G. Mozar | Gwynneth S. Mission | Jasnaera B. Moro

Discipline: health studies

 

Abstract:

Prenatal care encompasses medical attention provided to pregnant women from conception to childbirth. This study aimed to determine the association between the respondents' sociodemographic profiles and the quality of prenatal care. A descriptive, correlational research method was used in this study. Utilizing the "a priori power analysis," 120 respondents were randomly selected using the following criteria: mothers who had prenatal checkups in selected barangay health centers in a District in Davao City, of legal age, and were willing to participate in the study, after giving birth one to three months. Data were collected from March to April 2024. Results revealed that most respondents were young adult, primigravida, multiparous, with full-term babies, high school graduates, and family monthly income of 7,000 – 10,000. The quality of prenatal care was high, particularly the "information sharing," anticipatory guidance, sufficient time, approachability, availability, and support and respect. Furthermore, educational attainment, particularly undergraduates, high school graduates, and baccalaureate degree holders, and with term babies, was noted to have a statistically significant association with their quality of prenatal care. Hence, having a good educational attainment and a "term baby" reciprocates good prenatal care among the respondents. The quality of prenatal care upholds standards of giving good services and approaches that participants experience during their prenatal checkups.



References:

  1. Abdus-Salam, R.A., Adeniyi, A.A., & Bello, F.A. (2021). Antenatal Clinic Waiting Time, Patient Satisfaction, and Preference for Staggered Appointment- A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of patient experience, 8(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735211060802
  2. Acosta, J. (2022, May 25). CHO Intensifies safe motherhood program as Davao City Logs 22 maternal deaths. The Official Website of the City Government of Davao. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3BeOOuO
  3. Aidoo, S. (2023). A review of trends in prenatal care for global health. Retrieved from  https://bit.ly/3MSxNsO
  4. Adongo, P.B. (2022). Socio-Cultural Beliefs and Practices during Pregnancy, ChildBirth, and Postnatal Period: A Qualitative Study in Southern Ghana. Cogent Public Health, 9(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02277-4
  5. Aggarwal, R., & Ranganathan, P. (2020). Study designs: Part 2 - Descriptive studies. Perspectives in clinical research, 10(1), 34–36. https://doi.org/10.4103/picr.PICR_154_18
  6. Al-Mutawtah, M., Campbell, E., Kubis, H.P., Erjavec, M. (2023). Women’s experiences of social support during pregnancy: a qualitative systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 23(0), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06089-0
  7. Allo Health. (2023). Managing a multigravida pregnancy: What to expect.  Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3zrvB8G
  8. Ayana, G., Haile, D. Berhanu, B., Oljira, L., Demana, M., & Negash, & B., Mamo. (2021). Survival and Predictors of Mortality Among Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Bombe Primary Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: Institution-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics, 12(0), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.2147/PHMT.S303158
  9. Ayele, T.B., Moyehodie, Y.A. (2023). Prevalence of preterm birth and associated factors among mothers who gave birth in public hospitals of east Gojjam zone, Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 23(0), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05517-5  
  10. Call4health. (2023). The importance of patient access in healthcare. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/4gzTZW7
  11. Cagayan, M.S.F.S., Nisperos, G.A., Facun, G.M.G., Cagayan, B.S.S., Castro, M.C.R., & Silverio, C.E. (2022). Mothers’ Perspectives on Utilization of Maternal Health Services in Rural Health Units in Luzon: A Qualitative Study. Acta Medica Philippina, 56(16), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.v56i16.5761
  12. Cardoso-Pulido, M.J., Ojeda, J.R.G., & Pérez-Valverde, C. (2022). A correlational predictive study of Teacher Well-Being and Professional Success in Foreign Language student teachers. Mathematics, 10(10), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10101720
  13. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (2023). Pregnancy over age 30. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3ZtC8u5
  14. Chitti, M. (2023, May 31). Delivering dignity: The importance of respectful maternity care. New Security Beat. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/4dfbd8z
  15. City Health Office Davao. (2023, May 1). Davao City Health Office records 5 maternal deaths in January 2023. Sunstar Davao. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/4gwr1GP
  16. Cernat, A., De Freitas, C., Majid, U., Trivedi, F., Higgins, C., & Vanstone, M. (2020). Facilitating informed choice about non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT): a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis of women’s experiences. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19(0), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2168-4
  17. Cleveland Clinic Organization. (2022). Advanced maternal age. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3zEUI7T
  18. Dagnew, G.W., B., Gedefaw, F.A., & Tessema. (2020). Modern contraceptive use and factors associated with use among postpartum women in Ethiopia; further analysis of the 2016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey data. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08802-6  
  19. Dev-Site. (2022). Prenatal Care: A handy guide to delivering a healthy baby. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/47DjwKj
  20. Donabedian, A. (2005). Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/4gAM7Ur  
  21. Gao, L. (2022). Clinical Practice Guidelines That Address Physical Activity and Exercise During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Journal of midwifery & women's health, 67(1), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13286
  22. Gardner, M., Umer, A., Rudisill, T., Hendricks, B., Lefeber, C., John, C., & Lilly, C.  (2023). Prenatal care and infant outcomes of teenage births: a Project WATCH study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 23(0), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05662-x
  23. Gebeyehu N.A, Gelaw K.A, Lake E.A, Adela G.A, Tegegne K.D, & Shewangashaw N.E. (2022). Women decision-making autonomy on maternal health service and associated factors in low- and middle-income countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Women’s Health, 18(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/174550572211226
  24. Gebremariam, A.D., Engidaw, M.T., , Abate, B.A., Tesfa, D., Tiruneh, S.A., Addisu, Y., & Belachew, Y.Y. (2023). Magnitude and Factors Associated with Gestational Weight Gain Adequacy among Pregnant Women in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Current developments in nutrition, 7(0), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.102031  
  25. Geltore, T., & Anore, D. (2021). The Impact of Antenatal Care in Maternal and Perinatal Health. Retrived from https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98668 
  26. Ghimire, S., Dielemans, A., Mahat, P., Dunn, J.A., Balcke, E., Kumar Jha, R., Gaire, H., & Honikman, S. (2023). Prevalence of maternal depression and anxiety symptoms and associations with child mental health outcomes in rural Nepal. Tropical medicine & international health, 29(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13956
  27. Gill, M.J., Andreychik, M.R., & Getty, P.D. (2021). Those who ignore the past are doomed…to be heartless: Lay historicist theory is associated with humane responses to the struggles and transgressions of others. PloS one, 16(2), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246882  
  28. Gonçalves, K.F., Giordani, J.M.D.A., Bidinotto, A.B., Ferla, A.A., Martins, A.B., & Hilgert, J.B. (2020). Utilização de serviço de saúde bucal no pré-natal na atenção primária à saúde: dados do PMAQ-AB [Oral healthcare utilization during prenatal care in primary healthcare: data from PMAQ-AB]. Ciencia & saude coletiva, 25(2), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020252.05342018
  29. Gonzalez Jr., A.M.,  & Barcelo, T.I. (2023). Quality of prenatal care and maternal fetal attachment among primigravid mothers in the Philippines: A cross sectional study. Midwifery, 127(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2023.103842 
  30. Gourevitch, R.A., Natwick, T., Chaisson, C.E., Weiseth, A., & Shah, N.T. (2022). Variation in guideline-based prenatal care in a commercially insured population. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 226(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.09.038
  31. Gregory, E.F. (2023). Integrating Care for Mother–Infant DYADs After Preterm Birth: A Qualitative Study of Clinician Perspectives on Feasibility. Women S Health Reports, 4(1), 642–650. https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2023.0098
  32. Guzewicz, P., & Sierakowska, M. (2022). The Role of Midwives in the Course of Natural Childbirth-Analysis of Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Factors-A Cross-Sectional Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(23), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315824
  33. Halik, A., Das, W.H., Ahdar, Bustanul, I. (2022). Prenatal Education Process Based on Local Wisdom in Indonesia. Education Research International, 0(0), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6500362
  34. Hamwi, S., Lorthe, E., Severo, M., Baros, H. (2023). Migrant and native women’s perceptions of prenatal care communication quality: the role of host-country language proficiency. BMC Public Health 23(0), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15154-4
  35. Heaman, M., Sword, W., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Bradford, A., Tough, S., Janssen, P., Young, D., Kingston, D., Hutton, E., & Helewa, M. (2014). Quality of prenatal care questionnaire: instrument development and testing. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 14(0), 1-16.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-188
  36. Heinonen, K. (2021). Strengthening Antenatal Care towards a Salutogenic Approach: A Meta-Ethnography. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105168
  37. Hibusu, L., Sumankuuro, J., Gwelo, N.B., Akintola, O. (2024). Pregnant women’s satisfaction with the quality of antenatal care and the continued willingness to use health facility care in Lusaka district, Zambia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 24(20), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06181-5
  38. Homer, C., Bohren, M., Wilson, A., Vogel, J. (2021). Achieving inclusive and respectful maternity care. Global Women’s Medicine.
  39. Hoyert, D. (2022). Maternal mortality rates in the United States, 2020. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:113967
  40. Hsai, N. M., Matsui, M., Ng, C. F. S., Khaing, C. T., Imoto, A., Sayed, A. M., Huy, N. T., Kamiya, Y., & Moji, K. (2020). Satisfaction of Pregnant Women with Antenatal Care Services at Women and Children Hospital in South Okkalapa, Myanmar: A Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study Triangulated with Qualitative Study. Patient preference and adherence, 14, 2489–2499. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S266916
  41. Hussen, M.A., & Worku, B.T. (2022). Quality of Antenatal Care Service and Factors Associated with Client Satisfaction at Public Health Facilities of Bele Gasgar District. Journal of patient experience, 9(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735221083163
  42. Lavado, R.F., Lagrada, L.P., Ulep, V.G.T., & Tan, L.M. (2020). Who provides good quality prenatal care in the Philippines? Retrieved from https://bit.ly/4dj61jQ
  43. Lin, K., Chern, S. & Sun, J. (2023). Mapping the quality of prenatal and postnatal care and demographic differences on child mortality in 26 low to middle-income countries. World J Pediatr, 19(0), 835–850.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-022-00668-5  
  44. Maiden, J. & Ruati, R. (2023, March 23). USAID, UNICEF, and the United Kingdom Recommit to Preventing Child and Maternal Deaths in South Sudan. UNICEF South Sudan. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3XRI5j4
  45. Mendes, R.B., De Jesus Santos, J.M. Prado, D.S., Gurgel, R.Q., Bezerra, F.D., & Gurgel, R.Q. (2020). Avaliação da qualidade do pré-natal a partir das recomendações do Programa de Humanização no Pré-natal e Nascimento. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020253.13182018
  46. Mendis, S. (2023). Gravidity and Parity Definitions (Implications in Risk Assessment). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3XQ6Vjo
  47. Meneses, P.D., Dino, A.B., Mendez, K.Z., Mendoza, K., Molina, M.J., Miranda, K.J., & Carandang, R.R. (2024). Facilitators of and barriers to accessing prenatal care services in primary healthcare facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Manila, Philippines: a qualitative study. Journal of Public Health and Emergency, 8(0), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.21037/jphe-23-144 
  48. Merga, B. (2023). Maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care and associated merge factors among mothers who gave birth in public hospitals of the South West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia, 2022. Frontiers in global women's health, 4(0), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2023.1203798
  49. Moise, I.K., Ivanova, N., Wilson, C., Halwindi, H., Spika, V. (2023). Lessons from digital technology-enabled health interventions implemented during the coronavirus pandemic to improve maternal and birth outcomes: a global scoping review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 23(0), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05454-3
  50. Nam, J.Y. (2022). The Association between Adequate Prenatal care and severe maternal morbidity among teenage pregnancies: A Population-Based Cohort study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10(0), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.782143
  51. Negash, W.D., Fetene, S.M., Shewarega, E.S. (2022). Multilevel analysis of quality of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study. BMJ open, 12(7), 1-10.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063426
  52. Ngowi, A.F., Mkuwa, S., Shirima, L., Ngalesoni, F., & Frumence, G. (2023). Determinants of Focused Antenatal Care Utilization Among Women in Simiyu Region Tanzania. SAGE Open Nursing, 9(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231170728
  53. Noro, L.R.A. (2020). Health production: analysis of doctors’ health actions in the More Doctors program. Revista Da Associação Médica Brasileira, 66(7), 937–942. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.7.937
  54. North Texas Medical Center. (2021). Why Prenatal Care is Crucial.  Retreived from https://bit.ly/3MT2Rsi
  55. Oh, S.S., Park, S., You, Y.-A., Jee, Y., Ansari, A., Kim, S.M., Lee, G., Kim, Y.J. (2021). Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Coffee: Associated Congenital Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063140
  56. Paiz, J. C., Ziegelmann, P. K., Martins, A. C. M., Giugliani, E. R. J., & Giugliani, C. (2021). Factors associated with women's satisfaction with prenatal care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fatores associados à satisfação das mulheres com a atenção pré-natal em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Ciencia & saude coletiva, 26(8), 3041–3051. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021268.15302020
  57. Park, S. (2022). Prenatal maternal alcohol exposure: diagnosis and prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome. Obstetrics & gynecology science, 65(5), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.22123   
  58. Peahl, A., Smith, R., & Moniz, M.H. (2020). Prenatal care redesign: creating flexible maternity care models through virtual care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 223(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.029
  59. Perez, J. A. (2023, April 10). The Philippines’ maternal mortality rate is worse than reported. INQUIRER.net. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3XEb5to
  60. Puthussery, S., Bayih, W.A., Brown, H.K., & Aborigo, R. (2023). Promoting a global culture of respectful maternity care. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06118-y
  61. Raru, T.B., Ayana, G., Bahiru, N., Deressa, A., Alemu, A., Birhanu, A., Yuya, M., Taye Merga, B., Negash, B., & Letta, S. (2022). Quality of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women in East Africa using Demographic and Health Surveys: A multilevel analysis. Women's health, 8(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/17455065221076731
  62. Renbarger, K.M., Place, J.M., & Schreiner, M. (2021). The Influence of Four Constructs of Social Support on Pregnancy Experiences in Group Prenatal Care. Women's health reports 2(1), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1089/whr.2020.0113
  63. Rodriguez, I.E., Khechoyan, D.Y., Deleyiannis, F.W., & French, B. (2021). Surgical management of a nasal AVM in a pediatric patient: A case report. JPRAS open, 16(0), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpra.2017.09.001  
  64. Schmitt, J. (2021). Prenatal care. Office on Women’s Health. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/4gDB9xF
  65. Schulz, A.A., & Wirtz, M. (2022). Midwives’ empathy and shared decision making from women’s perspective - sensitivity of an assessment to compare quality of care in prenatal and obstetric care. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05041-y
  66. Shaghaghi, F., Ahmadi, Z., Gholami, M., Kamali, Z., & Mohebbi-Dehnavi, Z. (2020). Investigating the relationship between the dimensions of mindfulness and maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy. Journal of education and health promotion, 10(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1513_20
  67. Spinner, C., & Huber, L.R.B. (2024). How Much is too Much? High Utilization of Prenatal Care and Its Impact on Primary Cesarean Birth Among Women in the United States. Matern Child Health Journal, 28(0), 1160–1167  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-023-03887-y
  68. Szymanski, L.M. (2022). Characterization of knee dysfunction and related risk factors during pregnancy. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 50(1), 78–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2021.1882277
  69. Testa, A., & Jackson, D.B. (2021). Barriers to Prenatal Care Among Food-Insufficient Women: Findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. Journal of Women's Health, 30(9), https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8712
  70. Vogels‐Broeke, M., Daemers, D., Budé, L., De Vries, R., & Nieuwenhuijze, M. (2022). Sources of information used by women during pregnancy and the perceived quality. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04422-7
  71. Wulandari, R.D., Laksono, A.D. & Rohmah, N. (2021). Urban-rural disparities of antenatal care in South East Asia: a case study in the Philippines and Indonesia. BMC Public Health, 21(0), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11318-2z