HomeInternational Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Researchvol. 6 no. 7 (2025)

Integration of the PERMA Model in Physical Education Instruction to Support the Comprehensive Growth of Senior High School Students

Faith Majella Therese A. Pureza | Darwin O. Ofrin

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

Physical education (PE) plays a vital role in school life as it promotes the overall development of students by addressing their emotional, social, and psychological needs along with students’ physical fitness. It is critical for Senior High School students in managing social pressures, academic ex-pectations, and the transition to adulthood. This applies that the PERMA model, which emphasizes positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment, explore the use in teaching Physical Education (PE) towards the holistic development such as social, emotional, physical, cognitive, and lifelong values of St. Joseph Academy of Sariaya, Quezon Grade 11 Senior High School students. A quantitative correlational research design was used to explore the relationship of PERMA in PE and the students’ holistic development. It was found that students are gener-ally viewing themselves as functioning at a “normal” level across all PERMA components of well-being. All the five components of PERMA were identified as significant correlates of all five domains of students' holistic development, and so as the Meaning and Accomplishment component, shown as the strongest correlation among the components of PERMA model. Therefore, the researchers recommend that the Senior High School Physical Education curriculum may incorporate the PERMA model and may be more focused on integrating Meaning and Accomplishment as aspects of holistic development.



References:

  1. Alamdari, A., Taghvaeinia, A., & Piri R., (2024). The Effectiveness of Positive Education Program Based on PERMA Model on Pos-itive Thinking and Life Expectance in Older Adults. Article Info. 10. 183-198. https://doi.org/10.22126/JAP.2024.10628.1778
  2. An, H., Chen, W., Wang, C., Yang, H., Huang, W., & Fan, S. (2020). The Relationships be-tween Physical Activity and Life Satisfac-tion and Happiness among Young, Mid-dle-Aged, and Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134817
  3. Aubert, S., et al. (2021). Relationships Between Physical Activity, Mental Health, and Well- Being in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Envi-ronmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1222.
  4. Bailey R. (2006). Physical Education and Sport in Schools: A Review of Benefits and Out-comes. The Journal of School Health, 76(8), 397–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00132.x
  5. Bailey, R., Armour, K., Kirk, D., Jess, M., Pickup, I., Sandford, R., & P, N. B. P. E. a. S. (2008). The Educational Benefits Claimed for Physical Education and School Sport: An Academic Review. Research Papers in Education, 24(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671520701809817
  6. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. https://www.academia.edu/28274869/Al-bert_Bandura_Self_Efficacy_The_Exercise_of_Control_W_H_Freeman_and_Co_1997_pdf
  7. Becker, D. R., McClelland, M. M., Geldhof, G. J., Gunter, K. B., & MacDonald, M. (2018). Open-Skilled Sport, Sport Intensity, Exec-utive Function, and Academic Achieve-ment in Grade School Children. Early Ed-ucation and Development, 29(7), 939–955. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2018.1479079
  8. Bessa, C., Hastie, P., Rosado, A., & Mesquita, I. (2021). Sport Education and Traditional Teaching: Influence on Students’ Em-powerment and Self-Confidence in High School Physical Education classes. Sus-tainability, 13(2), 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020578
  9. Bhowmick, S., Ghosh, S. S., & Biswas, B. (2023). Impact of Physical Education Curriculum on Academic Achievement of Higher Sec-ondary School Students in India. Interna-tional Journal of Physical Education Fit-ness and Sports, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.34256/ijpefs2311
  10. Biddle, S. J., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical Activ-ity and Mental Health in Children and Ad-olescents: a review of reviews. British journal of sports medicine, 45(11), 886–895. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185
  11. Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A Brief Multidimensional Meas-ure of Flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
  12. Casado-Robles, C., Mayorga-Vega, D., Guijarro-Romero, S., & Viciana, J. (2021). Effect of a Sport Education-based Teaching Unit in Physical Education on High School Stu-dents’ Social Networks and Quantitative Sociometry Scores: A cluster randomized control trial. Revista De Psicodidáctica (English Ed), 27(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2021.10.001
  13. Cho, O. (2020). Impact of Physical Education on Changes in Students’ Emotional Com-petence: A Meta-analysis. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(14), 985–993. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1192-5812
  14. Chaudhary, C. (2024). Cultivating Social Values in Youth: The Positive Impact of Physical Education and Sport. International Jour-nal of Sports Health and Physical Educa-tion, 6(1), 107–109. https://doi.org/10.33545/26647559.2024.v6.i1b.113
  15. Cohen, J. (2013b). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. In Routledge eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
  16. Cheng, C., & Lan, L. (2024). The Application of the PERMA Model in Mental Health Edu-cation in Colleges and Universities. In-formatica, 48(14). https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v48i14.6127
  17. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New Well-being Measures: Short Scales to Assess Flourishing and Positive and Negative Feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
  18. Ennis, C. D. (2015). Knowledge, Transfer, and Innovation in Physical Literacy Curricula. Journal of Sport and Health Sci-ence/Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.03.001
  19. Espayos, J. C. (2023). PERMA-NENT!: The De-veloped PERMA Model-Based Psycholog-ical Wellness Program for the Students of Southbay Montessori School and Colleges Inc. International Journal of Research Publications, 130(1). https://doi.org/10.47119/ijrp1001301820235351
  20. Evans, J., & Davies, B. (2017). In Pursuit of Eq-uity and Inclusion: Populism, Politics and the Future of Educational Research in Physical Education, Health and Sport. Sport Education and Society, 22(5), 684–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2017.1307176
  21. Fernandes, I., Zanini, D. S., & Peixoto, E. M. (2024). PERMA-Profiler for Adolescents: Validity Evidence Based on Internal Structure and Related Constructs. Fron-tiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1415084
  22. Fernández-Bustos, J. G., Infantes-Paniagua, Á., Cuevas, R., & Contreras, O. R. (2019). Ef-fect of Physical activity on Self-Concept: Theoretical Model on the Mediation of Body Image and Physical Self-Concept in Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01537
  23. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-build Theory of Positive Emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.218
  24. Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive Emotions Broaden and Build. In Advances in Exper-imental Social Psychology (pp. 1–53). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2
  25. Gao, Z., Lee, J. E., Zhang, T., & Stodden, D. F. (2015). Modelling Trajectories of BMI Change in Children: The Influence of PE and Physical Activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(16), 1707-1716.
  26. Hallmark Public School. (2024). The Role of Physical Education in Holistic Develop-ment. https://www.hallmarkpublicschool.com/the-role-of-physical-education-in-holistic-development/
  27. Heemskerk, C., & Malmberg, L. (2023). The Effects of Sports Lessons on Emotions in the Primary School. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS), 8(2), 038. https://doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss038
  28. Heydari, Y., Samadi, H., & Dehghan Manshadi, M. (2020). Relationship between Level of Physical Activity with Self-Esteem, Body Image Concern and Body Appreciation in Veterans. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health. https://jjwph.ir/article-1-904-en.html
  29. Hogan, C. L., Catalino, L. I., Mata, J., & Fredrick-son, B. L. (2014). Beyond Emotional Ben-efits: Physical Activity and Sedentary Be-haviour Affect Psychosocial Resources Through Emotions. Psychology and Health, 30(3), 354–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.973410
  30. Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of Foundational Movement Skills: A Conceptual Model for Physical Activity Across the Lifespan. Sports Medi-cine, 48(7), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6
  31. Ijaz, S. (2023). The Impact of Physical Activi-ties on Academics Achievements and Grooming Potential among Higher Sec-ondary School Students. PAKISTAN LAN-GUAGES AND HUMANITIES REVIEW, 7(II). https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2023(7-ii)62
  32. Ivanova, S., & Nenov, M. (2022). Perma Model for 21st Century Student Success Motiva-tion. Vocational Education, 24(2), 170–183. https://doi.org/10.53656/voc22-252perm
  33. Kahneman, D., & Deaton, A. (2010). High In-come Improves Evaluation of Life but not Emotional Well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38), 16489–16493. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011492107
  34. Karaday, E., & İlker, G. E. (2018). Predictors of Self-Esteem in Physical Education: Self-Determination Perspective. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 5(2), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2018.02.5
  35. Kern, M. L. (2022). PERMAH. In Routledge eBooks (pp. 12–24). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003013778-3
  36. Kern, M. L., Waters, L. E., Adler, A., & White, M. A. (2014). A Multidimensional Approach to Measure Well-being in Students: Appli-cation of the PERMA framework. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.936962
  37. Khalid, N. M., Senom, F., Muhamad, A. S., Mansor, N. M. F., & Saleh, N. H. (2023). Implementation of PERMA Model into Teaching and Learning of Generation Z. International Journal of Learning Teach-ing and Educational Research, 22(9), 423–441. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.9.23
  38. Kim, J., Lee, S., Chun, S., Han, A., & Heo, J. (2016). The Effects of Leisure-time Phys-ical Activity for Optimism, Life Satisfac-tion, Psychological Well-being, and Posi-tive Affect among Older Adults with Loneliness. Annals of Leisure Research, 20(4), 406–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1238308
  39. Lawrie, S. I., & Mendoza, S. A. (2024). PERMA Model in the Classroom: Teaching Social Psychology through A Positive Lens. In Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks (pp. 15–28). https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035327133.00010
  40. Leisterer, S., & Jekauc, D. (2019). Students’ Emotional Experience in Physical Educa-tion—A Qualitative Study for New Theo-retical Insights. Sports, 7(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7010010
  41. Li, J., Huang, Z., Si, W., & Shao, T. (2022). The Effects of Physical Activity on Positive Emotions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. In-ternational Journal of Environmental Re-search and Public Health, 19(21), 14185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114185
  42. Loturco, I., Montoya, N. P., Ferraz, M. B., Ber-bat, V., & Pereira, L. A. (2022). A System-atic Review of the Effects of Physical Ac-tivity on Specific Academic Skills of School Students. Education Sciences, 12(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12020134
  43. Lucretia, C. (2015). Meeting Student’s Well Be-ing and Educational Goals in Physical Ed-ucation Classes. 7(1):138-143 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301553291MeetingStudent'sWellBeingandEducationalGoalsinPhysicalEduca-tionClasses
  44. Løvoll, H. S., Bentzen, M., & Säfvenbom, R. (2019). Development of Positive Emo-tions in Physical Education: Person-Centred Approach for Understanding Mo-tivational Stability and Change. Scandina-vian Journal of Educational Research, 64(7), 999–1014. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2019.1639818
  45. Mondal, A. (2024). Holistic Community Health Development in India: An Overview. Indi-an Journal of YOGA Exercise & Sport Sci-ence and Physical Education, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.58914/ijyesspe.2024-9.spl.6
  46. Ng, R., & Lin, V. (2020). Effect of Compulsory PE Courses on Body Appreciation and Psychological Aspects of University Stu-dents. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2020(6). https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.s6433
  47. Norris, E., Van Steen, T., Direito, A., & Stama-takis, E. (2019). Physically Active Lessons in Schools and their Impact on Physical Activity, Educational, Health and Cogni-tion Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(14), 826–838. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100502
  48. Owen, K. B., Parker, P. D., Van Zanden, B., MacMillan, F., Astell-Burt, T., & Lonsdale, C. (2016). Physical Activity and School Engagement in Youth: A Systematic Re-view and Meta-Analysis. Educational Psy-chologist, 51(2), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2016.1151793
  49. Pan, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, S., & Peng, Y. (2024). Effects of Physical Activity on College Students’ Positive Psychology. Interna-tional Journal of Fuzzy System Applica-tions, 13(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijfsa.345922
  50. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination Theory and The Facilita-tion of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Devel-opment, and Well-being. American Psy-chologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68
  51. Sedeh, S. D., & Aghaei, A. (2024). The effec-tiveness of PERMA Model Education on University Students’ Well-being. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_840_23
  52. Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being. Simon and Schuster.
  53. Simón-Chico, L., González-Peño, A., Hernán-dez-Cuadrado, E., & Franco, E. (2023). The Impact of a Challenge-Based Learn-ing Experience in Physical Education on Students’ Motivation and Engagement. European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education, 13(4), 684–700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13040052
  54. Suardika, I. K., & Adelina, C. (2024). Benefits of Sports Activities on Increasing Student Confidence. International Sport Edel-weiss Journal, 1(01), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.69543/1tekwk98
  55. Syaukani, A. A., Hashim, A. H. M., & Subekti, N. (2023). Conceptual Framework of Ap-plied Holistic Education in Physical Edu-cation and Sports: A Systematic Review of Empirical evidence. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 794–802. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.5.19
  56. Tomporowski, P. D., Davis, C. L., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2007). Exercise and Chil-dren’s Intelligence, Cognition, and Aca-demic Achievement. Educational Psy-chology Review, 20(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-007-9057-0
  57. Turner, J., Roberts, R. M., Proeve, M., & Chen, J. (2023). Relationship between PERMA and Children’s Well-being, Resilience and Mental Health: A Scoping Review. Inter-national Journal of Wellbeing, 13(2), 20–44. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v13i2.2515
  58. Van Boekel, M., Bulut, O., Stanke, L., Zamora, J. R. P., Jang, Y., Kang, Y., & Nickodem, K. (2016). Effects of Participation in School Sports on Academic and Social Function-ing. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 46, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.05.002
  59. World Health Organization: WHO. (2024, Oc-tober 10). Mental Health of Adolescents. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
  60. Wortman, Devin, “The Impact of Effective Mo-tivation Strategies on Student Engage-ment in Secondary Physical Education Classrooms” (2023). Education Theses. 9. https://docs.rwu.edu/sed_thesis/9https://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=sed_thesis
  61. Wu, R., Jing, L., Liu, Y., Wang, H., & Yang, J. (2022). Effects of Physical Activity on Regulatory Emotional Self-efficacy, Resil-ience, and Emotional Intelligence of Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1059786
  62. Yuan, Y., Ji, X., Yang, X., Wang, C., Samsudin, S., & Dev, R. D. O. (2022). The Effect of Per-sistence of Physical Exercise on the Posi-tive Psychological Emotions of Primary School Students under the STEAM Educa-tion Concept. International Journal of En-vironmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811451
  63. Zullig, K. J., & White, R. J. (2010). Physical Ac-tivity, Life Satisfaction, and Self Rated Health of Middle School Students. Ap-plied Research in Quality of Life, 6(3), 277–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-010-9129-