Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 6 no. 7 (2022)

The Relationship Between COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Fear and Anxiety to Work-Related Quality of Life of Corporate Leaders in Metro Manila

Ma. Angelica Larong | Gemmalyn Obiasca | Ma. Angelica Lisette Olegario | John Dominic Perez | Anne Margaux Quilalang | Winchell Quilongquilong | Adrian Amistad | Ronn Mikhael Avila

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

One of the most frightening aspects of COVID-19 was the fact that it exacerbated existing social and economic inequalities for employees who, in addition to being in danger of severe COVID-19 cases, were also especially vulnerable to face adverse impacts in the workplace. For that reason, this research is conducted to examine the relationship between COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Fear and Anxiety to Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL) of Corporate Leaders in Metro Manila. The result of this study will give opportunities for organizations to address these dilemmas and be able to sustain and show concern for mid-level employees’ WRQoL. The study was able to collate 194 responses from corporate leaders within Metro-Manila. The study was also correlational quantitative in nature and was able to employ a convenient sampling technique. The four variables in this study were measured within the context of Demographic Profile, Fear of COVID-19, Anxiety towards COVID-19, and WRQoL. The researchers’ course of action in the methodology was by collating responses using a questionnaire answered through Google Forms. The questionnaire was modeled to three standardized tests namely Fear of COVID-19, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, and Work-Related Quality of Life Scale. Subsequently, the researchers treated data with Pearson Correlation Coefficient. In conclusion, this study indicates that the Demographic Profile of the respondents does not have a significant relationship with the Fear of COVID-19, the Anxiety towards COVID-19, nor WRQoL. On the other hand, the WRQoL of Corporate Leaders has a positive correlation with the Fear of COVID-19 and the Anxiety towards COVID-19.



References:

  1. Abbas, W., & Asghar, I. (2010). The Role of Leadership in Organizational Change: Relating the Successful Organizational Change with Visionary and Innovative Leadership. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A326289 &dswid=2174
  2. Alyami, M., Henning, M., Krägeloh, C.U. et al. Psychometric Evaluation of the Arabic Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Int J Ment Health Addiction 19, 2219–2232 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00316-x
  3. Alnazly E, Khraisat OM, Al-Bashaireh AM, Bryant CL (2021) Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during COVID19 pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers. PLoS ONE 1 6 ( 3 ) : e 0 2 4 7 6 7 9. https://doi.org/10.1371 /journal.pone.0247679
  4. Arruda, W. (2020). 6 Ways COVID-19 Will Change the Workplace F o r e v e r . A c c e s s e d D e c e m b e r 12, 2021 f ro m https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamarruda/2020/05/07/6-ways-CO VID-19-will-change-the-workplace-forever/#24ad43cc323e
  5. Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., &; Stanton, C. (2020, July 28). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. PNAS. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://www.pnas.org/content/117/30/17656.
  6. Bitan, D., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., & Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. P s y c h i a t r y R e s e a r c h , 2 8 9 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
  7. Brooks S.K., Webster R.K., Smith L.E., Woodland L., Wessely S., Greenberg N., Rubin G.J. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020
  8. Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2020). Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
  9. Cheng, Meng yu, and Lin, Yu-Ying The effect of gender differences in supervisors, emotional expression and leadership style on l e a d e r s h i p e f f e c t i v e n e s s , M a r 7, 2 0 1 2 https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJBM/article-abstract/74197F D29366
  10. Coelho, C.M., Suttiwan, P., Arato, N., and Zsido, A. (2020). On the Nature of Fear and Anxiety Triggered by COVID-19. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581314/full
  11. COVID-19 case tracker: Department of Health Website. COVID-19 Case Tracker | Department of Health website. (n.d.). Retrieved D e c e m b e r 1 1 , 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://doh.gov.ph/COVID-19/case-tracker.
  12. Crismundo, K. (2021, September 30). Unemployment rate shows rough path to economic recovery: DTI. Philippine News Agency. R e t r i e v e d D e c e m b e r 1 1 , 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1155211.
  13. Davis, L. E., Trist, E. L. (1974). Improving The Quality Of Working Life: Sociotechnical Case Studies. in James O’toole (Edt.) Work And The Quality Of Life Resource Papers For Work In America (p.246- 279).
  14. De l a r e y , C . G e n d e r , W o m e n a n d Leadership https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066646
  15. Dillard, Dana Marie, "The Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping: Predicting Posttraumatic Distress in Telecommunicators" (2019). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 6719. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6719
  16. Dwiri, B., & Okatan, K. (2021). The impact of gender on leadership styles and leadership effectiveness. International Journal of Science an d R e s e a r c h ( I J S R ) , 1 0 ( 1 ) , 1419 – 1 4 3 4 . https://doi.org/10.21275/sr21126183926
  17. Easton, S.; Van Laar, D., (2018). User Manual for the Work-Related Quality of Life (WRQoL) Scale: A Measure of Quality of Working Life, 2nd ed.; University of Portsmouth: Portsmouth, UK.
  18. Ellsworth, D., Mendy, A., & Sullivan, G. (2020, October 9). How the LGBTQ+ community fares in the workplace. McKinsey & Co mp an y . Retriev ed Decemb er 14, 2021, from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion /how-the-lgbtq-plus-commnity-fares-in-the-workplace
  19. Employees Likely to Work Remotely Post COVID-19. (2020, April 14). Gartner. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2020-04-14-g artner-hr-survey-reveals-41--of-employees-likely-to
  20. Felman, A. (2020, January 11). What to know about anxiety. What to Know about Anxiety. Retrieved December 9, 2021, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323454
  21. Felstead, A. and Jewson, N. (2000), In Work, at Home, London: Routledge
  22. Fric, K. How does being out at work relate to discrimination and unemployment of gays and lesbians?. J Labour Market Res 53, 14 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-019-0264-1
  23. Grossman, P.J. Komai, M. and Jensen, J.E. Leadership and gender in groups: An experiment. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43818279
  24. Hasan, A. and Othman, A. When it comes to leadership, does gender matter?https://www.arabianjbmr.com/pdfs/OM_VOL_2_(10)/8.pdf
  25. Hassell, B. (2017, February 27). The Importance of Inspirational Leadership. Chief Learning Officer. Retrieved October 16, 2021, f r o m https://www.chieflearningofficer.com/2017/02/27/importance-inspir ational-leadership-reshaped-world/
  26. Hernández Breña, Wilson & Burneo Vigo, Andrea & Cassaretto, Monica. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Adaptation and psychometric properties in Peruvian population. Ansiedad y Estrés. 27. 103-111. 10.5093/anyes2021a14.
  27. Highlights of the National Capital Region (NCR) Population 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) | Philippine Statistics Authority. (n.d.). Https://Psa.Gov.Ph/Content/HighlightsNational-Capital-Region-Ncr-Population-2020-Census-Populationand-Housing-2020. Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-national-capital-region-ncr-pop ulation-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020
  28. Hill, E.J., Ferris, M., & Märtinsona, V. (2003). Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63 , pp. 220- 241, 10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00042-3
  29. Horowitz, J. M., Igielnik, R., & Parker, K. (2018, September 20). Views on leadership traits and competencies and how they intersect with gender. Pew Research Center. Retrieved October 12, 2021, from https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/09/20/2-views -on-leadership-trats-and-competencies-and-how-they-intersect-withgender/
  30. Horsta, D. J., Broday, E. E., Bondarick, R., Serpe, L. F.,&; Pilattie, L. A. (2016, March 29). Quality of working life and productivity: An overview of the conceptual framework. Academia.edu. Retrieved D e c e m b e r 1 5 , 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://www.academia.edu/23093506/Quality_of_Working_Life_an d_Productivity_An_Overview_of_the_Conceptual_Framework Irawanto, D.W., Novianti, K.R., and Roz, K. (2021). Work from Home: Measuring Satisfaction between Work–Life Balance and Work Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Economies 9: 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096
  31. Jayan, R. (2012). Role of Quality of Work Life on the Job Attitude and Personal Effectiveness of Engineering College Teachers. A c a d e m i c i a . https://www.academia.edu/840271/Role_of_Quality_of_Work_Life _on_the_Job_Attitu_and_Personal_Effectiveness_of_Engineering_C ollege_Teachers
  32. Jain, S., & Jha, S. (2020). Is age just a number: Exploring fear, anxiety, and coping in individuals during COVID-19. Industrial p s y c h i a t r y j o u r n a l , 2 9 ( 2 ) , 2 9 3 – 2 9 7 . h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.4103 /ip j.ipj_183 _20
  33. Kandula, U. R., & Wake, A. D. (2021). Assessment of Quality of Life Among Health Professionals During COVID-19: Review. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 14, 3571–3585. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S344055
  34. Karunarathna, K. D.C. (2016). Influence of gender on leadership s t y l e s a n d e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f l e a d e r https://www.ijsrit.com/uploaded_all_files/3348599522_d5.pdf
  35. Kirzinger, A., Dawson, L., & Kates, J. (2021, March 11). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on LGBT people. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on LGBT People. Retrieved December 11, 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-COVID-19/poll-finding/the-impact -of-the-COVID-19-pandemic-on-lgbt-people/.
  36. Kshirsagar, A., Mansour, T., McNally, L., & Metakis, M. (2020). Adapting workplace learning in the time of coronavirus. Retrieved D e c e m b e r 1 1 , 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functi ons /McKinsey%20Accelerate/Our%20Insights/Adapting%20workplace %20learning%20in%20the%20time%20of%20coronavirus/Adapting -workplace-learning-in-the-time-of-coronavirus-vF.pdf.
  37. Kossek, E.E.; Lautsch, B.A.; Eaton, S.C. Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work–family effectiveness. J. Vocat. Behav. 2006, 68, 347–367.
  38. Kniffin, K.M (2020). COVID-19 and the Workplace: Implications, Issues, and Insights for Future Research and Action https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/20-127_6164cbfd-37a 2-489e-8bd2-c252cc7abb87.pdf
  39. MacKenzie, S (2013). Human-computer Interaction. Chapter 4 - Scientific Foundations. Pages 121 -156.ISBN 9780124058651 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405865-1.00004-2.
  40. Mahwish, S. Rehan, A.K. Mehrunisa, S. and Paras, O. (n.d.). Gender a n d L e a d e r s h i p e f f e c t i v e n e s s https://www.academia.edu/29920234/GENDER_AND_LEADERSHIP_EFFECTIVENESS
  41. Mariam, J. A. (2020). ANXIETY OF EMPLOYEES IN CORPORATE SECTOR DUE TO COVID-19. International Research Journal of Management Sociology &; Humanities, 11(11).
  42. McQuaid, D. (2020, July 27). Older employees are happier at work. H R r e v i e w R e t r i e v e d A p r i l 2 4 , 2 0 2 2 , from https://www.hrreview.co.uk/hr-news/older-employees-are-happier-at-work/126431?msclkid=b6dddc63c38d11ec9ca288a71afaec40%20Measuring%20the%20shadow%20pandemic:%20Violence%20against%20women%20during%20COVID-19.%20UN%20Women%20Data
  43. Hub. (2021, November 24). Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://data.unwomen.org/publications/vaw-rga?gclid=CjwKCAiAtd G N B h A m E i w A W x G c U p y b L l a n N b 4 g c - uHQVYn8RWwUZ3rWJEa54yfqAyLdA1H5hN3Pw0oUxoCqKcQ AvD_BwE
  44. Meena, M.L., Dangayach, G.S., and Bhardwaj, A. (2014). “Measuring quality of work life among workers in handicraft industries of Jaipur,” International Journal of Industrial and Systems E n g i n e e r i n g . , v o l . 17, no. 3, pp. 376 – 3 9 0 . https://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=62544
  45. Meister, J. (2020, March 31). The impact of the coronavirus on HR a n d t h e n e w n o r m a l o f w o r k . F o r b e s . https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeannemeister/2020/03/31/the-impacto f-t h e - c o r o n a v i r u s- o n - h r- a n d -t h e - n e w - n o r m a l- o fwork/?sh=2d826fb52
  46. Menaha Shanmugam, R.D.G. Amaratunga, R.P. Haigh. (n.d.). Leadership styles: Gender similarities, differences and perceptions. https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB16523.pdf%20https://doi.org /10.1108/01437731111146578
  47. Meena, M.L., Dangayach, G.S., and Bhardwaj A., “Measuring quality of work life among workers in handicraft industries of Jaipur,” International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engineering., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 376–390, 2014.
  48. Morgeson, F. P., Mitchell, T. R., & Liu, D. (2015). Event System Theory: An Event-Oriented Approach to the Organizational Sciences. Academy of Management Review, 40(4), 515–537. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2012.0099
  49. Meyer IH. Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2015;2(3):209-213. doi:10.1037/sgd0000132.
  50. Moore SE, Wierenga KL, Prince DM, et al. Disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived social support, mental health and somatic symptoms in sexual and gender minority populations. J Homosexuality. 2021;68(4): 1-15. doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1868184.
  51. Muhamad Noor, S., and Adli, A.M., (2012). “Quality Work Life among Factory Workers in Malaysia,” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences., vol. 35, pp. 739–745
  52. Nania, R. (2020, October 13). Why COVID-19 hits Men Harder Than Women. AARP. Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://www.aarp.org/health/conditions-treatments/info-2020/why-C OVID19-hits-men-harder-than-women.html.
  53. Nazir, T. (2020, July 8). Adjustment process during epidemics of COVID-19 and mental health. IJCRT. Retrieved December 12, 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://www.academia.edu/43554208/Adjustment_Process_during_e pidemics_of_COVID_19_and_Mental_Health.
  54. Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2020, October). The COVID-19 anxiety syndrome scale: Development and psychometric properties. Psychiatry research. Retrieved December 13, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7375349/#bib0018.
  55. Official Gazette Philippines, (2020). Memorandum from the executive secretary on community quarantine over the entire Luzon and further guidelines for the management of the coronavirus d i s e a s e 2 0 1 9 ( C O V I D - 19) s i t u a t i o n . https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2020/03/16/memorandum-from-t he-executive-secretary-on-community-quarantine-over-the-entireluzon-and-further-guidelines-for-the-management-of-thecoronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19-situation/
  56. Oney, E., & Oksuzoglu-Guven, G. (2015). Confidence: A critical review of the literature and an alternative perspective for general and specific self-confidence. Psychological Reports: Mental & Physical Health, 116(1), 149-163.
  57. Opanković, A., Latas, M., Jerotić, S., Ristić, I., & Milovanović, S. (2021). Gender differences in depression, anxiety, and stress during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in serbia - results from an online survey. European Psychiatry, 64(S1), S270-S271. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.726
  58. Ozcelik, H., & Barsade, S. (2018). No employee an island: Workplace loneliness and employee performance. Academy of M a n a g e m e n t J o u r n a l , 6 1 , 2343 – 2366. h ttp s://do i.o rg/1 0.5465 /amj.20 15.1066
  59. Parenthood, P. (n.d.). Gender Identity & Roles: Feminine Traits; Stereotypes. Planned Parenthood. Retrieved October 13, 2021, from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/gender-identity/sexgender-identity/what-are-gender-roles-and-stereotypes.
  60. Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M., Wang, W., Brown, A.,; Pattem, E. (Eds.). (2020, August 7). What makes a good leader, and does gender matter?
  61. Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58–63.
  62. Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., Walker, L. S., & Woehr, D. J. (2014). Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(6), 1129–1145. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036751
  63. Pereira, H., Pedro, J., Mendes, C., Duarte, M., & Silva, P. G. (2021). Psychosocial Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People Living in Portugal and Brazil—A Qualitative Study. Journal of Psychosexual Health, 3(2), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/26318318211017466
  64. Pérez-Fuentes, M. del, Molero Jurado, M. del, Oropesa Ruiz, N. F., Martos Martínez, Á., Simón Márquez, M. del, Herrera-Peco, I., &; Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2020). Questionnaire on perception of threat from COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041196
  65. Pieterse, A.D. Stoker, J.I. Ryan, M.K. Steffens, N.K. and Rink, F. Gender Differences in How Leaders Determine Succession Potential: The Role of Interpersonal Fit with Followers. (2019, May 0 3 ) . https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00752/full
  66. Posel, D., Oyenubi, A., and Kollamparambil, U. (2021). Job loss and mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown: Evidence from S o u t h A f r i c a . https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.02 49352
  67. Presidential Communications Operations Office, Philippines, (2020). Mar.Gov't imposes a community quarantine in Metro Manila t o c o n t a i n c o r o n a v i r u s . R e t r i e v e d from. https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/govt-imposes-community-q uarantine-in-metro-manila-to-contain-coronavirus/
  68. Qian, M. (2016). “Women’s Leadership and Corporate Performance,” ABD Economics Working Paper Series, No. 472 ( J a n u a r y 2 0 1 6 ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o m https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/179587/ewp-472. Pdf
  69. Rostami, H. R., Akbarfahimi, M., Ghaffari, A., Kamali, M., & Rassafiani, M. (2021). Relationship between Work-Related Quality of Life and job satisfaction in Iranian occupational therapists. Occupational Therapy International, 2021, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6692752
  70. Reinwald, M. (2021). Working in the Eye of the Pandemic: Local COVID-19 Infections and Daily Employee Engagement. Frontiers. R e t r i e v e d D e c e m b e r 1 4 , 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654126/full #B42
  71. Salari, N. (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Globalization and Health. BioMed C e n t r al . R e t r i e v e d De cem b e r 14, 2 02 1 , from https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s 12992-020-00589-w
  72. Samantha C. Paustian-Underdahl, L. Walker, D. J. Woehr Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: a meta-analysis of c o n t e x t u a l m o d e r a t o r s . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Gender-and-perceptions-of-l e a d e r s h i p - e f f e c t i v e n e s s % 3 A - P a u s t i a n - U n d e r d a h l - Walker/785325556d0ad6bf075cb123333874774b2a7659
  73. Sears, B., Mallory, C., Flores, A., & Conron, K. (n.d.). LGBT People’s Experiences of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment. R e t r i e v e d D e c e m b e r 1 6 , 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lgbt-workplace-di scrimination/
  74. Shaikh, M., Kango, R. A., Shaikha, M., & Odhano, P. (n.d.). Gender and leadership effectiveness. Academia.edu. Retrieved October 13, 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://www.academia.edu/29920234/GENDER_AND_LEADERS HIP_EFFECTIVENESS.
  75. Shankar, J.V. (2014). A Study on Quality of Work Life and E m p l o y e e M o t i v a t i o n a l S t r a t e g i e s . https://ijsrm.in/index.php/ijsrm/article/download/634/556/1083
  76. Shen, L. & D’Ambrosio, P. (n.d). Gender in Chinese Philosophy. Retrieved from https://iep.utm.edu/gender-c/
  77. Spreitzer, G. M., Cameron, L., & Garrett, L. (2017). Alternative work arrangements: Two images of the new world of work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4 , 4 7 3 – 4 9 9 . https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-11333
  78. Shreffler, J., Petrey, J., & Huecker, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Worker Wellness: A scoping review. The western journal of emergency medicine. Retrieved December 13, 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7514392/.
  79. Srivastava, Shefali & Kanpur, Rooma. (2014). A Study On Quality Of Work Life: Key Elements & It’s Implications. IOSR Journal of Business and Management. 16. 54-59. 10.9790/487X-16315459.
  80. The impact of COVID-19 on employment and jobs. OECD. (n.d.). R e t r i e v e d D e c e m b e r 1 3 , 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://www.oecd.org/employment/COVID-19.htm. The Legal Landscape: Protections For Lgbt Workers Many Lgbt Workers Are People Of Color, Younger 1 , Unemployed, Undocumented, In A Lower Income Bracket, And Experiencing A Lower Level Of Overall Well-Being. 4. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1 5 , 2 0 2 1 f r o m https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/LGBT-Workers-3-Pager-FINAL.pdf
  81. Tichy, N., & Bennis, W. (2014). Making Judgment Calls. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved October 16, 2021, from https://hbr.org/2007/10/making-judgment-calls
  82. Trougakos, J. P., Chawla, N., & McCarthy, J. M. (2020). Working in a pandemic: Exploring the impact of COVID-19 health anxiety on work, family, and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(11), 1234–1245. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000739
  83. Tušl, M. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on work and private life, mental well-being and self-rated health in German and Swiss employees: a cross-sectional online survey - BMC Public Health. BioMed Central. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889- 021-10788-8
  84. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021, November 10). Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retriev ed Decemb er 11, 2021, from https://www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-COVID-19-pand emic.htm
  85. Van Laar, D., Edwards, J. A., & Easton, S. (2007). The WorkRelated Quality of Life scale for healthcare workers. Journal of A d v a n c e d N u r s i n g , 6 0 ( 3 ) , 3 2 5 – 3 3 3 . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04409.x
  86. Velasco, M. S. . (2021). COVID-19 pandemic: Psychological impact to employees of Private College in the Philippines. Global Education and Social Sciences (GESS). Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.academia.edu/43269610/COVID_19_Pandemic_Psych ological_Impact_to_Employees_of_Private_College_in_the_Philippines
  87. Wallace, N. (2018). The Best Cities for Women in Tech in 2016. S m a r t A s s e t . https://smartasset.com/mortgage/best-cities-for-women-in-tech-2016
  88. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Coronavirus. World Health Organization. Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1.
  89. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Gender and Health. World Health Organization. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender#tab=tab_1
  90. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Who manifesto for a healthy recovery from COVID-19. World Health Organization. Retrieved D e c e m b e r 1 3 , 2 0 2 1 , f r o m https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-manifest ofor-a-healthy-recovery-from-COVID-19.
  91. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Who coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. World Health Organization. Retrieved December 11, 2021, from https://COVID19.who.int/.
  92. Wiley, M. G., & Eskilson, A. (1982). The interaction of sex and power base on perceptions of managerial effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 25, 671-677.
  93. Wu, X., Nazari, N., and Griffiths, M.D. (2021). Using Fear and Anxiety Related to COVID-19 to Predict Cyberchondria: Crosssectional Survey Study. https://www.jmir.org/2021/6/e26285/
  94. Yaqoub, H. (n.d.). Effects of Gender on Leadership.
  95. Zeynep Şimşir;Hayri Koç;Tolga Seki;Mark D. Griffiths; (2021). The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: A m e t a - a n a l y s i s . D e a t h S t u d i e s , (), – . d oi:10.1080 /07 4811 87 .202 1.18 8909 7
  96. Zmorenski, D. (2012b, October 8). Why Leaders Must Have Vision. Reliable Plant. Retrieved October 16, 2021, from https://www.reliableplant.com/Read/29109/%20leaders-have%20-vision

Tools


Copyright © 2024  KITE Digital Educational Solutions |  Exclusively distributed by CE-Logic