HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 14 no. 8 (2023)

Personal Problems and Risk for Depression Among Senior High School Students: Basis for Mental Health Intervention Program

Irah Kate Gernale

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The researcher sought to investigate the relationship between Personal Problems and Risk for Depression Among Senior High School Students. The Mooney Problem Checklist (MPCL) and the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale 6 – KADS 6 were administered as measures to a convenience sample of 227 Senior High School Students from Ignacio Villamor High School. Relationships between Personal Problems and Risk for Depression were tested with chi-square tests. Findings indicate a weak correlation between the majority of respondents' personal problems and risk for depression. The variables under personal problems such as health and physical development, finances, living conditions and employment, courtship, sex and marriage, social-psychological relations, morals and religions, personal-psychological relations, and learning (curricular and extracurricular activities) are found to be positively correlated to depression. Personal problems in terms of recreation (social and recreational activities), home and family, and career (future vocational and educational) are found to be negatively correlated to depression. It is concluded that the respondents' risk for depression is significantly correlated with their personal educational challenges (adjustment to schoolwork). A proposed mental health intervention program was developed for the respondents.



References:

  1. Abel, H., and Gingles, R. (1968). Identifying problems of adolescent girls J. Educ. Res. 58: 389–391.GoogleScholar
  2. Abela, J. R. Z., & D'Allesandro, D. U. (2002). Beck's cognitive theory of depression: The diathesis-stress and causal mediation components. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 111-128.
  3. Ager, M. (2018, June 21). Duterte signs ph mental health law. Inquirer.net. Retrieved from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1002845/breaking-duterte-signs-ph-mental-health-law
  4. Aqeel, M., Anjum, U., Jami, H., Hassan, A., and Sadia A. (2016). Perceived Parental School Involvement and Problems Faced by Students: Comparison of Truant and Punctual Students. Pakistan Journal of Psychology Research, 2016, Vol. 31. No. 1, 241-265.
  5. Arnold, M. E. (2017). Supporting adolescent exploration and commitment: Identity formation, thriving, and positive youth development. Journal of Youth Development, 12(4), 1-15.
  6. Arun, Garg & Chavan (2017). "Stress and suicidal ideation among adolescent shaving academic difficulty." Data retrieved March 16, 2020 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810170/
  7. Ausbel, D., Montemayor, R., and Suajian, P. (1977). Theories and Problems of Adolescent Development, 2nd ed. Grune and Stratton, New York. Google Scholar
  8. Bernas, Jaureguizar, & Garaigordobil (2019). "Child and Adolescent Depression: A Review of Theories, Evaluation Instruments, Prevention Programs, and Treatments." Data retrieved March 16, 2020from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6435492/
  9. Boury, M., Treadwell, T., & Kumar, V. K. (2001). Integrating psychodrama cognitive therapy: An exploratory study. International Journal of Action Methods, 54, 13-28.
  10. Brooks, Sarah; Kutcher, Stan (2003). "Diagnosis and Measurement of Adolescent Depression: A Review of Commonly Utilized Instruments". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 13 (3):341–76.
  11. Brooks, Sarah (2004). "The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (11 Item)" (PDF). Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology News. 9 (5): 4–6
  12. Brooks, S., Krulewicz, S. & Kutcher, S. (2003). The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale: Assessment of Its Evaluative Properties over the Course of an 8-Week Pediatric Pharmacotherapy Trial. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 13. 337-49. 10.1089/104454603322572679.
  13. Brown, G. P., Hammen, C. L., Craske, M. G., &Wickens, T. D. (1995). Dimensions of dysfunctional attitudes as vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 431-435.
  14. Burger, J (2008) Personality Michelle Sordi, Belmont, Class Notes
  15. Burke, R., and Weir, T. (1976). Sex-differences in adolescent life stress, social support and wellbeing (ERIC ED 147 661).Google Scholar
  16. Burley, R.K. (2007). California. Problems Faced by Senior High Students. Carlson, K. and Winquist, J. (2014) An Introduction to Statistics. SAGE Publications, Inc. Chapter 1:Introduction to Statistics and Frequency Distributions
  17. Chaveepojnkamjorn, W., Pichainarong, N. Prasertsong. C. Depression and its Associated Factors among Sebior High School Students in Nonthaburi Province, Thailand: A Cross-sectional Study. 2016
  18. Cherry, K. and Morin, A. 2019 (Very well mind). Identity vs. Role Confusion in Psychosocial Stage 5.
  19. Clark DB, Lynch KG, Donovan JE & Block GD (2006). Health Problems in Adolescents with Alcohol Use Disorders: Self-Report, Liver Injury, and Physical Examination Findings and Correlates. Journal on Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research/ Volume 25, Issue 9
  20. Clements, H., and Oelke, M. (1967). Factors related to reported problems of adolescents. Personnel Guide. J. 45: 657–702.Google Scholar
  21. Cole, L., and Hall, I. (1970). Psychology of Adolescence, 7th ed., Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
  22. Côté, J. E., & Levine, C. (2016). Identity formation, youth and development: A simplified approach. NewYork: Psychology Press
  23. Crocetti, E. (2017). Identity formation in adolescence: The dynamic of forming and consolidating identity commitments. Child Development Perspectives, 11(2), 145-150.
  24. Dancey, C. & Reidy, J. (2017). Statistics without maths for psychology (7th ed.). United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
  25. Dolphin L, Hennessy E. Adolescent's perceptions of peers with depression: An attributional analysis. Psychiat Res 2014; 218: 295-302.
  26. Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  27. Edgar, T.W., Manz, D.O. (2017). Research Methods for Cyber Security.
  28. Effendi, M., Shah, P.S.A., Khairani, A.Z. and Rani, N.H.M. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 2016, Vol. 6, No. 12 ISSN: 2222-6990 121. Interpretation in correlating the Money Problem Check List dimensions using Rasch Model
  29. Epkins, C. C. (2000). Cognitive specificity in internalizing and externalizing problems in community and clinic-referred children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 199-208.
  30. Erikson, E. H. (1956). The problem of ego identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 4,56-121.
  31. Erikson, E. Childhood and Society (1950). Identity and the Life Cycle (1959). The Life CycleCompleted: A Review (1982, revised 1996 by Joan Erikson). and Vital Involvement in Old Age(1989) Heffner, C. L. (2014). Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Chapter 3: Section 3
  32. Eskin, Mehmet & Ertekin, Kamil & Harlak, Hacer & Dereboy, Ciğdem. (2008). Prevalence of and Factors Related to Depression in High School Students. Türk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry. 19. 382-9.
  33. Explorable.com. (2009, Sep 16). Convenience Sampling. Retrieved Nov 13, 2015, from https://explorable.com/convenience-sampling
  34. Eichas, K., Meca, A., Montgomery, M. J., & Kurtines, W. (2015). Identity and positive youth development: Advances in developmental intervention science. In K. C. McClean & M. Syed (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Identity Development (pp. 337-354). New York: Oxford University Press.
  35. Fruehwirth, Iyer& Zhang (2016). "Religion and Depression in Adolescence." Data retrieved March 16, 2020 from http://ftp.iza.org/dp9652.pdf
  36. Geckova, A., Tuinstra, J., Pudelsky, M, Van Dijk, M.K.J.P, Groothoff, J.W. and Post D. Journal of Adolescence2001, 24, 635–645 doi:10.1006/jado.2001.0422. Self-reported health problems of Slovakadolescents
  37. Gillian A. Lowe, DM (Psych), Garth E. Lipps, PhD, Roger C. Gibson, DM (Psych), Mia A. Jules, PhD, StanleyKutcher, MD. (2018). Validation of the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale in a Caribbean student sample. Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS) 2015.
  38. Go-Monilla, M.J.E. Personal Problems and Depression among College Students and Their Perception sof School Social Support. UE Research Bulletin vol. 17 no. 1 (2015)
  39. Gonca, S., &Savasir, I. (2001). The relationship between interpersonal schemas and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 359-364.
  40. Gravetter, F. J. &Wallnau, L. B. (2013). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (9th ed.). USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
  41. Hawton K, van Heeringen K. Suicide. Lancet. 2009;373:1372–81.
  42. Hock, R.S. et., al. (2018). "Parenting styles and emerging adult depressive symptoms in Cebu, the Philippines." Data retrieved March 18, 2020 from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1363461517748813
  43. Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 597-605.
  44. Jessor, R., Donovan, J. E., & Costa, F. M. (1991). Beyond adolescence: Problem behavior and young adult development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  45. Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.
  46. Johansson< Bjorn (2019). Dropping out of school – A systematic and integrative research review on risk factors and interventions.
  47. Kakkad, Astha and Trivedi, Monika and Trivedi, Gitika and Raichandani, Abishek. (2014). Study for Adolescent Problem and Psychology Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 3.9564-9574.
  48. Karaman, G. N. (2013). Predicting the problem behavior in adolescents, EgitimArastirmalari, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 52, 137-154
  49. Kenton, W. (2020). Investopedia. Pearson Coefficient. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/pearsoncoefficient.asp
  50. Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry 2007; 6: 168–76.
  51. Knight ZG (2017). A proposed model of psychodynamic psychotherapy linked to Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development. 2017;24(5):1047-1058
  52. Kowalczyk, D. (2017) Descriptive Research Design: Definition, Examples & Types Retrieved from http://study.com/academy/lesson/descriptive-research-design-definition examples-types.html
  53. Kroning & Kroning (2016). "Teen Depression and Suicide, A SILENT CRISIS." https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27119802
  54. Kutcher, Stan (2003). "The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale: Assessment of its Evaluative Propertiesover the Course of an 8-Week Pediatric Pharmacotherapy Trial". Child AdolescentPsychopharmacology. 13 (3): 337–49.
  55. Lakhani, P., Jain, K., & Chandel, P., K. (2017). "School Adjustment, Motivation and Academic Achievement among Students." Data retrieved March 19, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321741311
  56. Lauten, A., et al (2005) Dating and Courtship Attitudes among College Students
  57. Lehner et al. (1964): The Dynamics of Personal Adjustment
  58. LeBlanc JC, Almudevar A, Brooks SJ, Kutcher S: Screening for Adolescent Depression: Comparison of the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale with the Beck Depression Inventory, Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2002 Summer; 12(2):113-26.
  59. Levy, S. (2019). Introduction to Problems in Adolescents by MD, PH, Harvard Medical School.
  60. Lewis, R. and Legg, T.J. (2020). Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development, Explained for Parents. Healthline Parenthood Newsletter.
  61. Limjuco, R.P. (2018). "Career Choice of Students: Basis for Curricular Offering of Senior High Schools in Region XI." Data retrieved March 19, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327746059 Career Choice Of Students Basis For Curricular Offering Of Senior High Schools In Region XI
  62. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006;367(9524):1747–57.
  63. Maria E. Main, M.E. and Ogaz, V.L. (2016). International Journal of Faith Community Nursing. Common Statistical Tests and Interpretation in Nursing Research
  64. McIntosh, C. N., & Fischer, D. G. (2000). Beck's cognitive triad: One versus three factors. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 32, 153-157.
  65. Moilanen, D. L. (1995). Validity of Beck's cognitive theory of depression with Non referred adolescents. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73, 438-442.
  66. McGinn, L. K. (2000). Cognitive behavioral therapy of depression: Theory, treatment, and empirical status. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 54, 254-260.
  67. McLeod, S. (2018). Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development. https://www.simplypsychology.org/simplypsychology.org-Erik-Erikson.pdf.
  68. Mooney, R. L., & Gordon, L. V. (1950). Manual: The Mooney problem checklists. New York: Psychological Corporation.
  69. Mupa, P & Chinooneka, T.I. (2015). Factors contributing to ineffective teaching andlearning in primary schools: Why are schools in decadence?
  70. Niere, R.J., Ologan, R.B., Sim, J.J. & Torrefiel, K.R. (2017). Courtship Practices among Lasallian Young Adults
  71. Pavlova & Silbereisen (2015). "Leisure Activities Choices among Adolescents." Data retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304183383
  72. Philippines (2018). Republic Act no. 11036: An act establishing a national mental health policy for the purpose of enhancing the delivery of integrated mental health services, promoting and protecting the rights of persons utilizing psychiatric, neurologic, and psychosocial health services, appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes, available at:https://www.doj.gov.ph/files/2018/MC/MC017-2018JUL%20RA%2011036%20(Mental%20Health)%20dtd%2006%20Jul%202018.pdf (accessed February 7, 2019)
  73. Reyes, M. S., Zantua, B. V., Nuñez, R. V., Manrique, W. M., & Antonio, J. C. (2017). Exploring the mental health status of artistically gifted filipino adolescents. North American Journal of Psychology, 19(2),451-460.
  74. Rodriguez (2016). "Epigenetic Modifications Associated with Low SES May Influence Depression Risk." Data retrieved March 16, 2020 from https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/mooddisorders/epigenetic-modifications-associated-with-low-ses-may-influence-depression-risk/
  75. Rotter, J. B. (1982). The development and application of social learning theory: Selected papers. New York: Praeger.
  76. Rujiradaporn N, Trangkasombat U. Depression in senior high school students in Bangkok Metropolis. Psychiatr Assoc Thailand. 2009; 54: 337-46.
  77. Roy, S. (2017). Effect of Recreational Activities.
  78. Sharma, S. (2014). Effect of Family Environment on Academic Achievement of Adolescents’. IRJMSH. Volume 5 Issue 3. Online ISSN 2277-9809
  79. Sherry, S. B., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Harvey, M. (2003). Perfectionism dimensions, perfectionistic attitudes, dependent attitudes, and depression in psychiatric patients and university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology,50, 373-386.
  80. Silbereisen, R.K., Walper, S. & Albrecht, H.T. (1990). Family Income Loss and Economic Hardship: Antecedents of Adolescents’ Problem Behavior. New Directions for Child Development no. 46.
  81. Stangor, C. (2011). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (4th ed.). Mountain View, CA: Cengage.
  82. Stapinski, L. A., Montgomery, A. A., Heron, J., Jerrim, J., Vignoles, A., & Araya, R. (2013). Depression symptom trajectories and associated risk factors among adolescents in Chile. PloS one, 8(10),e78323. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078323
  83. StikkelbroekY. ,Bodden DHM, Kleinjan M, Reijnders M, van Baar AL (2016).Adolescent Depression and Negative Life Events, the Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0161062
  84. Sukariyah, M.B., & Assaad, G. (2017). Self-Perceived problems among Lebanese students in public highschools: implications for school counseling.
  85. Taylor, E. and Sharkley, L. (2017) Dating’s Dead, Long Live These 10 Millennial Mating Patterns Tety, J.L. (2016). "Role Of Instructional Materials In Academic Performance In Community Secondary Schools In Rombo District."
  86. Thakur, A & Lahari, D.K. (2016). A Study of Psychological Impact on Physical Health and Fitness among Adolescents. BEST: International Journal of Humanities, Arts, Medicine and Sciences (BEST:IJHAMS) ISSN (P): 2348-0521, ISSN (E): 2454-4728 Vol. 4, Issue 2, Feb 2016, 117-120.
  87. Thapar A, Collishaw S, Pine DS, Thapar AK. Depression in adolescence. Lancet. 2012;379(9820):1056–67.
  88. Valentina, L. & Singh, R. (2013). “Family income and guidance needs of senior school adolescents of Imphal district”. Asian Journal of Home Science. Volume 8, Issue I, 114-117
  89. Weinstein, N. (1983). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 441-460.
  90. WHO (2018). "Adolescents: health risks and solutions." Data retrieved March 16, 2020 From https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescents-health-risks-and-solutions
  91. World Health Organization. (2012). Risks to mental health: An overview of vulnerabilities and risk factors. Geneva, Author.
  92. World Health Organization. (2014). Mental health: A state of well-being [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/
  93. World Drug Report 2018; executive summary, conclusions and policy implications. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. UNODC Research; 2018, Sales No. E.18.XI.9.