Implementation of the BUMABANGON Posttraumatic Growth Intervention Program among the Grieving Parents by Traumatic Loss in Bataan, Philippines
Jayvie Villazor | Rosalito G. De Guzman
Discipline: Psychology
Abstract:
Significant research demonstrates that positive transformation from a traumatic loss is possible.
Furthermore, a declining growth trend is conceivable over time (Collier, 2016). The authors
devised an intervention program based on an intensive review of related literature, interviews,
focus group discussion, expert evaluation, and pilot testing. The BUMABANGON Posttraumatic
Growth Intervention Program (BPTGIP) is an integrative modality with ten sessions crafted to
elicit and nurture the posttraumatic growth of its participants who have lost a loved one through
a traumatic loss. Twenty grieving parents who lost a child from suicide, homicide, and vehicular
accidents in different municipalities of Bataan, Philippines, underwent two treatments: one-time
psychoeducation and a posttraumatic growth intervention program. The Explanatory Sequential
Design, notably the follow-up explanations model, was used to obtain a more detailed and
accurate result. The quantitative phase demonstrated that the BPTGIP helped grieving parents (z
= -2.40, p = 0.17) moderately (effect size of 0.54). Five themes were developed throughout the
qualitative phase: skill acquisition, spiritual growth, interpersonal enhancement, social support,
and change in perspective. This pilot study provides evidence that further studies to explore the
effectiveness of BPTGIP on a larger and broader scale will increase the level of posttraumatic
growth among grieving parents globally.
References:
- Aho, A. L., Åstedt-Kurki, P., & Kaunonen, M. (2014). Peer supporters’ experiences of a bereavement follow-up intervention for grieving parents. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 68(4), 347–366. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.68.4.d
- Alase, A. (2017). The interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): A guide to a good qualitative research approach. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 5(2), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2p.9
- APA PsycNet. (n.d.). Retrieved February 27, 2023, from https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/tra0000305
- Bar-Nadav, O., & Rubin, S. S. (2016). Love and bereavement: Life functioning and relationship to partner and spouse in bereaved and nonbereaved young women. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 74(1), 62–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815598035
- Bogensperger, J., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2014). Losing a child: Finding meaning in bereavement. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 22910. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.22910
- Bray, P. (2013). Bereavement and transformation: A psycho-spiritual and post-traumatic growth perspective. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 890–903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9539-8
- Breen, L. J., & O’Connor, M. (2011). Family and social networks after bereavement: Experiences of support, change, and isolation. Journal of Family Therapy, 33(1), 98–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2010.00495.x
- Camacho, D., Pérez Nieto, M. A., & Gordillo, F. (2020). Guilt and bereavement: Effect of the cause of death and measuring instruments. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 28(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054137316686688
- Castelli Dransart, D. A. (2013). From sense-making to meaning-making: Understanding and supporting survivors of suicide. British Journal of Social Work, 43(2), 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bct026
- Costa, D. H. D., Njaine, K., & Schenker, M. (2017). Repercussões do homicídio em famílias das vítimas: Uma revisão da literatura. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 22(9), 3087–3097. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017229.18132016
- Edmonds, W. A., & Kennedy, T. D. (2017). An applied guide to research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (2nd ed.). SAGE.
- Gijzen, S., L’Hoir, M. P., Boere-Boonekamp, M. M., & Need, A. (2016). How do parents experience support after the death of their child? BMC Pediatrics, 16(1), 204. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0749-9
- Glad, K. A., Stensland, S., Czajkowski, N. O., Boelen, P. A., & Dyb, G. (2022). The longitudinal association between symptoms of posttraumatic stress and complicated grief: A random intercepts cross-lag analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(3), 386–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001087
- Growth after trauma. (n.d.). In American Psychological Association. Retrieved February 27, 2023, from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/11/growth-trauma
- Henry, S. (2017). An exploration of resilience and post-traumatic growth following traumatic death.
- Jayasinghe, A. (2016). The experience of living with traumatic bereavement: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Middlesex University. https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=z19KvwEACAAJ
- Keyes, K. M., Pratt, C., Galea, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., & Shear, M. K. (2014). The burden of loss: Unexpected death of a loved one and psychiatric disorders across the life course in a national study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(8), 864–871. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081132
- Lee, E., Kim, S. W., & Enright, R. D. (2019). Beyond grief and survival: Posttraumatic growth through immediate family suicide loss in South Korea. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 79(4), 414–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817724700
- Levi-Belz, Y. (2017). Relationship with the deceased as a facilitator of posttraumatic growth among suicide-loss survivors. Death Studies, 41(6), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2017.1285372
- Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. All Ireland Journal of Higher Education, 9(3). https://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/335
- MartinĨeková, L., & Klatt, J. (2017). Mothers’ grief, forgiveness, and posttraumatic growth after the loss of a child. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 75(3), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222816652803
- McClatchey, I. S., & Raven, R. F. (2017). Adding trauma-informed care at a bereavement camp to facilitate posttraumatic growth: A controlled outcome study. Advances in Social Work, 18(1), 349–368. https://doi.org/10.18060/21239
- Meisenhelder, J. B., & Gibson, L. E. (2015). Caring for the bereaved parent: Guidelines for practice. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 27(10), 546. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12224
- Meyers, A. (2019). A phenomenological study of the lived experiences of counseling students in a co-facilitated experiential group. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3272
- Michael, C., & Cooper, M. (2013). Research paper post-traumatic growth following bereavement: A systematic review of the literature. Counselling Psychology Review, 28(4), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpscpr.2013.28.4.18
- Moore, M. M., Cerel, J., & Jobes, D. A. (2015). Fruits of trauma?: Posttraumatic growth among suicide-bereaved parents. Crisis, 36(4), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000318
- Niemiec, R. M., & McGrath, R. E. (2019). The power of character strengths: Appreciate and ignite your positive personality. VIA Institute on Character.
- Patrick, J. H., & Henrie, J. (2016). Up from the ashes: Age and gender effects on post-traumatic growth in bereavement. Women & Therapy, 39(3–4), 296–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2016.1116863
- Peters, K., Cunningham, C., Murphy, G., & Jackson, D. (2016). ‘People look down on you when you tell them how he died’: Qualitative insights into stigma as experienced by suicide survivors. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 25(3), 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12210
- Qasim, K., & Carson, J. (2022). Does post-traumatic growth follow parental death in adulthood? An empirical investigation. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 86(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820961956
- Ramos, C., & Leal, I. (2013). Posttraumatic growth in the aftermath of trauma: A literature review about related factors and application contexts. Psychology, Community & Health, 2(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.5964/pch.v2i1.39
- Rezaei, H., Forouzi, M. A., Roudi Rasht Abadi, O. S., & Tirgari, B. (2017). Relationship between religious beliefs and post-traumatic growth in patients with cancer in southeast of Iran. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 20(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1324836
- Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (n.d.). Winchester Hospital. Retrieved February 27, 2023, from https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=20074
- Ross, V., Kõlves, K., Kunde, L., & De Leo, D. (2018). Parents’ experiences of suicide-bereavement: A qualitative study at 6 and 12 months after loss. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040618
- Shields, C., Russo, K., & Kavanagh, M. (2019). Angels of courage: The experiences of mothers who have been bereaved by suicide. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 80(2), 175–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817725180
- Taku, K., Cann, A., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2017). Psychoeducational intervention program about posttraumatic growth for Japanese high school students. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 22, 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2017.1284504
- Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490090305
- Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). TARGET ARTICLE: Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
- Trauthwein, B. E. (2015). Unrequited death: An existential-phenomenological exploration of continuing bonds with a parent who has died (Order No. 3701457). ProQuest Central (UMI No. 1681369377). https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.bolton.ac.uk/docview/1681369377?accountid=9653
- Wong, A. C. (2012). What Filipinos can be proud of. INQUIRER.net. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/45875/what-filipinos-can-be-proud-of
- Yilmaz, M., & Zara, A. (2016). Traumatic loss and posttraumatic growth: The effect of traumatic loss related factors on posttraumatic growth. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.188311
ISSN 2799-0583 (Online)
ISSN 2782-9413 (Print)