HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 42 no. 9 (2025)

Prevalence of Burnout and Job Satisfaction of Public Secondary School Teachers

Rey Patric Jugos | Nestor Nabe

Discipline: others in psychology

 

Abstract:

This qualitative-descriptive study explored the viewpoints and insights of social workers at Regional Rehabilitation Center for youth in Region XII on what influences and drives juvenile delinquency. Four social workers who specialize in Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL) cases at the Regional Rehabilitation Centre for Youth (RRCY) XII were chosen as key informants for the study using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions from a researcher-developed guide were used to gather data. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. The results showed that a variety of life experiences, such as family instability, peer pressure, personal struggles, poverty, and tolerance in the community, interact intricately contribute to juvenile delinquency as perceived by social workers. The study emphasized the negative effects of unstable families and a lack of community support, underscoring the necessity of all-encompassing rehabilitation strategies that give top priority to robust support networks, psychosocial counselling, educational and recreational opportunities, and customized programs that address underlying problems. Social worker insights highlighted the value of social workers as positive role models, the necessity of more robust institutional services, ethical and professional case management, and a selfless approach to rehabilitation. This study offers a roadmap for future research and practice to enhance prevention and rehabilitation tactics for young offenders in South Cotabato.



References:

  1. Aazami, A., Valek, R., Ponce, A. N., & Zare, H. (2023). Risk and Protective Factors and Interventions for Reducing Juvenile Delinquency: A Systematic Review. SocialSciences, 12(9) 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12090474
  2. Abhishek, R., & Balamurugan, J. (2024). Impact of social factors responsible for juvenile delinquency – A literature review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 13(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_786_23
  3. Abuznaid, M., & Alazzawi, S. (2024). Impediments to Criminal Liability Arising from The Lack of Awareness in the Palestinian and Jordanian Legal Systems. International Journal of Religion, 5(11), 7262–7268. https://doi.org/10.61707/rb1dbb07
  4. Achmad, W. (2024). Correctional social work: Existence and legal intervention in the juvenile justice system in Indonesia. Pena Justisia Media Komunikasi Dan KajianHukum, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v22i2.4358
  5. Agbaria, Q., & Mahamid, F. (2023). The association between parenting styles, maternal self-efficacy, and social and emotional adjustment among Arab preschool children. Psicologia: Reflexão E Crítica, 36(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-023-00252-4
  6. Alsayed, A.M.M, (2020). Contributions of group work programs in achieving social rehabilitation for juvenile delinquents. https://doi.org/10.21608/fjssj.2020.236845
  7. Anjila, W. N., Hakim, A. R., & Maulidia, A. S. (2025). Enhancing self-control and peer attachment: Counseling strategies for reducing juvenile delinquency in Islamic boarding school. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling Terapan, 9(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.30598/bkt.v9i1.17106
  8. Arneklev, B. J. (2023). Self-Control and Curiosity: Has Curiosity Been an Overlooked Concept in the Crime/Deviance Decision-Making Process? Deviant Behavior, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2022.2164753
  9. Aryadi, N. F., Kusmawati, N. A., Safitri, N. D. I., & Saputro, N. M. A. (2024).  Pendekatan konseling behavioral dalam menangani kenakalan remaja. Concept Journal of Social Humanities and Education, 3(1), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.55606/concept.v3i1.965
  10. Asif, N., Akhter, N. S., & Rasheed, N. N. (2022). Collaborative efforts for breaking the cycle of juvenile delinquency. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology,31–37. https://doi.org/10.48175/ijetir-8074
  11. Baidawi, S., & Ball, R. (2022). Child protection and youth offending: Differences in youth criminal court-involved children by dual system involvement. Children and Youth Services Review, 144, 106736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106736
  12. Bagaskara, R., Veolina, T. F., Milkatahasi, M., Tazkiyah, N., Mustikasari, G. A., Tambunan, R. V. R., & Irawan, S. (2022). Pentingnya Social Support Dalam Pengembangan Konsep Diri Melalui Bimbingan Kelompok. Jurnal Consulenza: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Dan Psikologi, 5(2), 158–170. https://doi.org/10.56013/jcbkp.v5i2.1592
  13. Baker, D., Fisher, K., Hamilton, M., Rice, S., & Purcell, R. (2022). Providing a pathway to community-based psychosocial or mental health support services for young people following initial encounters with police: a scoping review. Current Issues in Criminal Justice.1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2022.2111808
  14. Bakhsh, F., & Hafiz, (2024). Socioeconomic and cultural factors and juvenile delinquency in Pakistan: A critical analysis of structural theories. Current Trends in Law and Society, 4(1), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.52131/ctls.2024.0401.0037
  15. Bandzeladze, T. (2020). Peer pressure and adolescents’ problem behavior. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.26500/jarssh-05-2020-0104
  16. Behnk, S., Hao, L., & Reuben, E. (2022). Shifting normative beliefs: On why groups behave more antisocially than individuals. European Economic Review, 104116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104116
  17. Bilsky, W., Borg, I., & Hermann, D. (2020). Utilizing personal values to explain people’s attitudes towards legal norms. European Journal of Criminology, 147737082091323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370820913237
  18. Borela, V. (2020). ALS curriculum implementation for juvenile delinquents in urban and rural areas in the Philippines: A comparative analysis. Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 1(1),1–14. https://doi.org/10.47631/mejress.v1i1.3
  19. Brewer, A.-J., Saunders, R., Fearon, P., Fonagy, P., Cottrell, D., Kraam, A., Pilling, S., Simes, E., Anokhina, A., & Butler, S. (2020). Antisocial cognition as a mediator of the peer influence effect and peer selection effect in antisocial adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01695-1
  20. Bulatao, A. R. Y. (2023). Exploring the concept of hope and aspirations of children in conflict with the law (CICL). Philippine Social Science Journal, 6(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v6i1.668
  21. Chantiqa, N. B. (2024). Pengaruh Kemiskinan terhadap Tindak Kriminalitas di Kota Bekasi. Concept Journal of Social Humanities and Education, 3(2), 264–272. https://doi.org/10.55606/concept.v3i2.1275
  22. Colvin, E., Gerard, A., & Mcgrath, A. (2020). Children in out-of-home care and the criminal justice system: A mixed-method study. Australian Institute of Criminology.https://www.aic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-09/CRG_221617_final_report.pdf
  23. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
  24. Crouch, M., & McKenzie, H. (2006). The logic of small samples in interview-based qualitative research. Social Science Information, 45(4), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018406069584
  25. Desembriyanti, N. S., Folasimo, N. R. F., Zhafira, N. Z., Oktafia, N. a. N., & Supriyadi, N. T (2024). Pengaruh Faktor Lingkungan terhadap Perilaku Kriminalitas Anak. Deleted Journal, 2(2), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.61132/corona.v2i2.441
  26. Dong, B., Egger, P. H., & Guo, Y. (2020). Is poverty the mother of crime? Evidence from homicide rates in China. PLOS ONE, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233034
  27. Engel, C. (2023). How Little Does It Take to Trigger a Peer Effect? An Experiment on Crime as Conditional Rule Violation. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 002242782311526. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224278231152625
  28. Galleposo, D., Robles, A. N., Calasang, G., Blando, F., & Ochotorena, C. B. (2023). life of social workers: characterizing their experiences and challenges in handling children in conflict with the law. xv (2). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13141810
  29. Feryn, N., De Corte, J., & Roose, R. (2022). The bridging role of social work: the quest towards installing a structural approach within primary health care. European Journal of Social Work 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2022.2077319
  30. Firdouse, A. (2024). Reviewing the need for trauma-informed practices in the juvenile justice system. International journal of scientific research, 67–68. https://doi.org/10.36106/ijsr/1819930
  31. Gabaldón, L. G. (2021). Morality and homicide among young killers. Dilemas: revista de estudos de conflito E Controle Social, 14(3), 659–681. https://doi.org/10.4322/dilemas.v14n3.43002
  32. Gana, M., Rad, D., & Stoian, C. D. (2023). Family functioning, parental attachment and students’ academic success. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i1.2565
  33. Gheorghieva, S. (2024). Education in penal institutions: a path to rehabilitation and reintegration. National Law Journal, 2(250), 138–146. https://doi.org/10.52388/1811-0770.2023.2(250).14
  34. Gomis-Pomares, A., & Villanueva, L. (2020). The effect of adverse childhood experiences on deviant and altruistic behavior during emerging adulthood Psicothema, 32(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.142
  35. Hafiz, & Bakhsh, F. (2024). Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors and Juvenile Delinquency in Pakistan: A Critical Analysis of Structural Theories. Current Trends in Law and Society, 4(1), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.52131/ctls.2024.0401.0037
  36. Hassan, N., & Muhammad. (2021). Vocational Education and Training for Young Offenders in Juvenile Approved Schools. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(1), 642–650.
  37. Higgins, L. (2021). Exploring the Relationship Between Education and Rehabilitation in the Prison Context. Journal of Prison Education and Reentry, 7(2), 144–159. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/jper/vol7/iss2/7/
  38. Hoagwood, K. E., & Kelleher, K. J. (2020). A Marshall Plan for Children’s Mental Health After COVID-19. Psychiatric Services, appi.ps.2020002 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000258
  39. Howe, N., Persram, R. J., & Bergeron, C. (2020). Sibling Relationships in Adolescence. The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development,1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171492.wecad410
  40. Kelleher, K. J., & Hoagwood, K. E. (2020). A Marshall Plan for Children’s Mental Health After COVID-19 Psychiatric Services appi.ps.2020002 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000258
  41. Kennedy, T. D., Detullio, D., & Millen, D. H. (2020). Treatment and Intervention Strategies for Youthful Offenders. Springer Briefs in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38250-6_4
  42. Kong, R., Chen, R., & Meng, L. (2024). Parental conflict and adolescents’ socially adverse emotions: the mediating role of family functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1387698
  43. Kulik, L. M. (2023). Dysfunctional family as a determinant of mercenary and forcible crimes of minors and young people. Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law, 2(80), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.80.2.7
  44. Lee, C. (2022). Murder and the Reasonable Man. In New York University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814752838.001.0001
  45. Lud-ayen, G. K., & Epie, L. (2024). A Study on the Drug Abuse and Crimes Impacts on Youth. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 719–750.
  46. Masui, K. (2023). Interactional effects of adverse childhood experiences, psychopathy, and everyday sadism on Internet trolling. Personality and IndividualDifferences,214,112327–112327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112327
  47. Millennia, N. I., Anan, Y., Lestari, I., Arifin, R., & Hidayat, A. (2020). Punk Community in Criminology Study (Study in Ngaliyan District, Semarang City). Law Research Review Quarterly, 6(1), 37–52 https://doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v6i1.31232
  48. Molinedo-Quílez, M. (2020). Psychosocial risk factors in young offenders. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 22(3), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00019
  49. Mohammed Ibrahim, A. (2020). Exploring Role model, Parenting and Juvenile Delinquents in the Selected Poems. Utamax: Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education, 2(3), 88–93. https://doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v2i3.5480
  50. Mohammad, T., Nooraini, I., & Hussin, N. A. M. (2018). Operationalizing routine activity theory in juvenile delinquency: A social work perspective. International Social Work, 63(2), 002087281879613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818796134
  51. Morse, J. M. (1998). Designing funded qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Strategies of qualitative inquiry (pp. 56-85). Sage.
  52. Najamudin. (2024). Peranan Keluarga dalam Mengatasi Kenakalan Remaja. EduInovasi:  Journal of Basic Educational Studies, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.47467/edu.v4i1.2076
  53. Odo, C. O., Nwatu, U. L., Makkieh, M., Ametepe, P. E. K., & Banks, S. (2022). Law versus Morality: Cases and commentaries on ethical issues in social work practice. Ethics and Social Welfare 17(1), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2022.2117015
  54. Okah, P. S., Onalu, C. E., Aghedo, G. U., Iyiani, C. C., Ramsey-Soroghaye, B., & Abonyi, S. E. (2024). A phenomenological inquiry into the barriers against effective rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile delinquents at a juvenile remand home in Nigeria. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 63(4), 228–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2024.2331473
  55. Optimal Workshop. (2019). How many participants do I need for qualitative research? Optimal Workshop. Optimalworks.com. https://www.optimalworkshop.com/blog/how-many-participants-do-i-need-for-qualitative-research
  56. Patalinghug, M. E. (2021). The Life Changer: Social Workers in Rehabilitation           Facilities for Child in Conflict with the Law. Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 11(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v11i1.5072
  57. Pathak, D., & Srivastava, S. (2020). Journey from passion to satisfaction: Roles of belongingness and psychological empowerment. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(3/4), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-11-2019-0237
  58. Patil, A., & Singh, N. (2023). From the plate to the mind: How children’s eating habits affect their physical and mental health. Journal of Neurological, Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 5(2), 40
  59. Piquero, A. R., & Rocque, M. (2020). Changing self‐control: Promising efforts and a way forward. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20368
  60. Phoglad, S. (2024). An Education as a Rehabilitation Tool for Incarcerated People. ACEID Official Conference Proceedings,467–481. https://doi.org/10.22492/issn.2189-101x.2024.37
  61. Ponce, C. A., & Cailing, J. R. (2025). The Increasing Rate of Juvenile Delinquency: An Exploration of the Intervention Programs.119–119. https://doi.org/10.63941/dit.adsimrj.2025.1.2.14
  62. Porter, E. J. (1994). Older widows’ experience of living alone at home. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 26(1), 19-24.R.A. 9344. (2006). Lawphil.net. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2006/ra_9344_2006.html
  63. Ramillete, J. S., Villarosa, J. R., Permangil, J. F., & Poquita, J. M. C. (2023). A Qualitative Inquiry on Juvenile Delinquency: Basis for intervention. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.54476/ioer-imrj/697833
  64. Reil, J., Lambie, I., & Allen, R. (2022). “Offending doesn’t happen in a vacuum”: The backgrounds and experiences of children under the age of 14 years who offend. Journal of Criminology, 55(2), 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/26338076221087459
  65. Russian Law Journal. (2025). View of drugs and youth – growing nexus of crime and legal redressal.Russianlawjournal.org. https://russianlawjournal.org/index.php/journal/article/view/732/403
  66. Saladino, V., Mosca, et al (2021). The Vicious Cycle: Problematic Family Relations, Substance Abuse, and Crime in Adolescence: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(673954). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673954
  67. Sarfo, J. O., Debrah, T. P., Gbordzoe, N. I., Afful, W. T., & Obeng, P. (2021). Qualitative research designs, sample size and saturation: Is enough always enough? Journal of Advocacy, Research and Education, 8(3), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.13187/jare.2021.3.60
  68. Scott Hoffman, M., et al (2021). Boundaries: A Boundary Setting and Social         Competence Program for Parents and Youth. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.54718/JSXI4975
  69. Seyed Alireza Saadati, & Nadereh Saadati. (2023). Youth Offenders and Rehabilitation: Insights from Legal Practitioners and Social Workers. 2(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.isslp.2.1.5
  70. Semya, G. V. (2023). Safety and Well-Being of Socially Vulnerable Children. Psychology and Law, 13(4),237–238. https://doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2023130400
  71. Stucky, K. J. (2021). Critical Care, Psychology, and Rehabilitation. Oxford University Press eBooks, 26–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077013.003.0003
  72. Smith, H., & Paddock, E. (2024). Exploring Children’s Journeys into the Youth Justice System from Multiple Perspectives: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Societies, 14(10) 199–199. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14100199
  73. Sringa, M S. (2023). Exploring the Relationship between Poverty and Crime. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 12(10), 913–916. https://doi.org/10.21275/mr231010184451
  74. Sugiharti, L., et al (2023). The Nexus between Crime Rates, Poverty, and Income Inequality: A Case Study of Indonesia. Economies, 11(2), 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies11020062
  75. Sun, H., & Yan, X. (2024). Factors Contributing to Juvenile Crime: A Narrative Review. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 60(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/60/20240404
  76. Suryaningsi, S., Marwiah, M., Pardosi, J., Jamil, J., Asnar, A., Rahmad, E., & Wahyudi, M. R. (2022). Handling Juvenile Delinquency: The Role of the Social Welfare Service in Handling Cases in Samarinda City. Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal, 8(2), 1417. https://doi.org/10.37905/aksara.8.2.1417-1428.2022
  77. Sviatschi, M. M. (2022). Making a NARCO: Childhood Exposure to Illegal Labor Markets and Criminal Life Paths. Econometrica, 90(4), 1835–1878. https://doi.org/10.3982/ecta17082
  78. Tackett, M. J., Chopin, S. M., & Karol, R. L. (2021). Psychologist leadership on Inpatient rehabilitation teams: Organizational science in practice. Rehabilitation Psychology, 66(4), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000408
  79. Tharshini, N. K., Ibrahim, F., Kamaluddin, M. R., Rathakrishnan, B., & Che Mohd Nasir, N. (2021). The Link between Individual Personality Traits and Criminality: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168663
  80. The Psychology of Cybercrime: Understanding Motivations to Craft Effective Prevention Strategies - Cybersecurity Education Initiative. (2025, May 12). Cybersecurity Education Initiative. https://cysed.org/the-psychology-of-cybercrime-understanding-motivations-to-craft-effective-prevention-strategies/
  81. Thomas, S. A., Micalizzi, L., Meisel, S. N., Price, D., & Spirito, A. (2022). Adolescent Sibling Associations among Alcohol, Cannabis, and Sexual Risk Behavior: A Test of Interdependence. Substance Use & Misuse, 57(10), 1572–1580. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2022.2096238
  82. Understanding and preventing the separation of children from their families Global Report on Children’s Care and Protection. (n.d.). https://www.sos-childrensvillages.org/getmedia/a2b7b62e-b979-4a53-ba44-27514df423fb/Global-Report-on-Childrens-Care-and-Protection-2024.pdf
  83. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2020). The Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/18-02303_ebook.pdf
  84. Varga, I. (2021). The impact of single-parent families’ social vulnerabilities on children. the annals of the university of oradea. economic sciences, 30(2), 166–173.
  85. Walters, G. D. (2023). Counseling services leading to desistance by way of a change in certainty perceptions and cognitive agency beliefs. Law and Human Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000525
  86. Walters, G. D. (2017). Viewing the Cycle of Violence Through a Gendered Pathways Lens: Perceived Parental Tolerance of Violence, Peer Influence, and Child Aggressive Behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(11-12), 088626051770249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517702493
  87. Warner, B. D., & Berg, M. T. (2020). Beyond Their Absence: Male Intergenerational Social Ties and Community Informal Social Control. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 002242781990028. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427819900288
  88. Weulen Kranenbarg, M. (2021). Cyber-Dependent Crime Versus Traditional Crime: Empirical Evidence for Clusters of Offenses and Related Motives. Cybercrime in Context, 195–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60527-8_12
  89. World Health Organization. (2024). Child maltreatment. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
  90. Yousafzai, A. K. (2020). If not now, then when? The importance of intervening early to provide family-based environments for all children. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30187-5
  91. Yusuf, S. A., Daud, M. N., Zarinah Arshat, & Oladipo Kolapo Sakiru. (2021). The Role of Peer Influence on Juvenile Delinquency Among Adolescents in The Government Remand Homes, Lagos State Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(11), NCN 2530–2545. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i11/11773