HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 35 no. 1 (2025)

Confidence and Mastery of Grade-11 STEM Students in Solving Algebra-Related Problems

Nathaniel Gabuya | Jendylle Damayon | Earl Mikhale Sincioco | Precious Jane Cortez | Mariennei Zobelle Navarrete | Keithlene Anne Perez | Saphrille Ellery Ragus | John Carlo Armando | Lady Valen Charon Dela Peña

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The significance of mathematics education has gained increasing recognition worldwide due to its essential role in various fields, particularly science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Algebra, a fundamental branch of mathematics, is crucial for developing students' problem-solving and analytical skills. However, many students struggle with algebraic concepts, affecting their overall mathematical proficiency. The field of mathematics education has long examined students' algebraic difficulties, seeking to understand their causes and improve learning outcomes. This study aims to provide insights into the perceived confidence and mastery of Grade 11 STEM students in solving algebra-related problems. It also explores variations in confidence and mastery based on different profile variables and examines their relationship. A mixed-methods approach was used to collect data through a survey questionnaire administered to two sections of Grade 11 STEM students at Saint Mary's University Senior High School. Findings indicate that Grade 11 STEM students generally exhibit moderate confidence and mastery in solving algebra-related problems but may require additional support, particularly with advanced topics like logarithmic properties. Perceived Level of Confidence did not significantly differ based on sex, junior high school curriculum, or learning styles but varied according to academic standing. However, mastery levels showed notable differences, with male students and those from science-oriented junior high schools performing better. A small positive correlation between confidence and mastery suggests that factors such as learning style and academic background influence algebra success. The study recommends tailored tutoring, regular feedback, and teaching strategies aligned with students' learning styles to strengthen both confidence and mastery.



References:

  1. Abalde, G. D., & Oco, R. M. (2023). Factors Associated with Mathematics Performance. Asian Research Journal of Mathematics, 19(6), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.9734/arjom/2023/v19i6665
  2. Agduyeng et al. (2024), Senior High School Students’ Level of Basic Math Skills and Preferred Teaching Methods in Mathematics. Saint Mary’s University Senior High School.
  3. Akbari, O., & Sahibzada, J. (2020). Students’ Self-Confidence and Its Impacts on Their Learning Process. American International Journal of Social Science Research, 5(1), 1–15.
  4. Algebra Problems with Solutions | For Class 6, 7 And 8. (n.d.). Byju’s. https://byjus.com/maths/algebra-problems/
  5. Algebra - What is Algebra? Basics, Definition, Examples. (n.d.). Cuemath. https://www.cuemath.com/algebra/
  6. Alharbi, M. A. (2020). Amalgamating Bloom’s taxonomy and artificial intelligence to face the challenges of online EFL learning amid post-COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 9(4), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.23.2020.94.252.259
  7. Almerino, P., Guinocor, M., Mamites, I., Lumayag, C., Villaganas, M. A., & Capuyan, M. (2020). Mathematics Performance of Students in a Philippine State University. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/7859
  8. Almond, N. (2019, August 22). What Is Maths Mastery And Teaching for Mastery? [Primary School Guide]. Third Space Learning. https://thirdspacelearning.com/blog/what-is-maths-mastery-teaching/
  9. Andini, M., & Prabawanto, S. (2021). Relational thinking in early algebra learning: a systematic literature review. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1806(1), 012086. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1806/1/012086
  10. Annette Løvheim Kleppang, Anne Mari Steigen, & Hanne Søberg Finbråten. (2023). Explaining variance in self-efficacy among adolescents: the association between mastery experiences, social support, and self-efficacy. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16603-w
  11. Anoling, O., Dagdag, J., Pascual, J., & Salviejo, R. (2018) Factor Structure of Problem-Solving Efficacy among College Algebra Students. Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education, 8(2), 19-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/jrpptte.vol8.no2.3.2018
  12. Antalan et al. (2024), Learning Retention in Selected Topics in Basic Calculus of Grade 12 STEM Students of Saint Mary’s University. Saint Mary’s University Senior High School.
  13. Aulia, R., Rohati, R., & Marlina, M. (2021). Student’s Self-Confidence and Their Mathematical Communication Skills in Solving Problems. Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika, 4(2), 90-103. https://doi.org/10.32939/ejrpm.v4i2.770
  14. Bernardo, A. B. I., Cordel, M. O., Lapinid, M. R. C., Teves, J. M. M., Yap, S. A., & Chua, U. C. (2022). Contrasting Profiles of Low-Performing Mathematics Students in Public and Private Schools in the Philippines: Insights from Machine Learning. Journal of Intelligence, 10(3), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10030061
  15. Brabeck, M., Jeffrey, J., & Fry, S. (2015). Practice for Knowledge Acquisition (Not Drill and Kill). American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/education-career/k12/practice-acquisition
  16. Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, September 22). Mathematics summary. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/summary/mathematics
  17. Budiharso, T., & Arbain, A. (2023). Using Bloom’s taxonomy in rubrics for assessing writing and speaking skills. International Journal of Instruction, 16(4), 149–166. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.1649a
  18. Byiringiro, E. (2024). Effect of problem-solving method on the performance of mathematics students in public secondary schools in Rwanda: A case of Karongi district. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(1), 049–056. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.1102
  19. Cabuquin J. & Abocejo F. (2023), Mathematics Learners' Performance and Academic Achievement at a Public High School Institution in Leyte, Philippines from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376807986_Mathematics_Learners'_Performance_and_Academic_Achievement_at_a_Public_High_School_Institution_in_Leyte_Philippines
  20. Cerbito, A. F., (2020). Comparative Analysis of Mathematics Proficiency and Attitudes Toward Mathematics of Senior High School Student. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10(5), 1-12 http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.05.2020.p10125
  21. Chi, C. (n.d.). Philippines still lags behind the world in math, reading, and science — PISA 2022. Philstar.com. Retrieved April 28, 2024, from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/12/06/2316732/philippines-still-lags-behind-world-math-reading-and-science-pisa-2022/
  22. Çiftçi, S. K., & Yıldız, P. (2019). The effect of self-confidence on mathematics achievement: The meta-analysis of Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 683–694. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12243a
  23. Crow A. (2022). Why Is Math Important? 9 Reasons Why Math Skills Improve Quality of Life Prodigygame.com from https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/why-is-math-important/
  24. Das, S., Ali, I. (2016) An Investigation on the Effects of Attitude Towards Algebraic Problem-Solving Achievement. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 12(2), 1016-1022. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v12i2.23926
  25. Diagnostic TEST IN MATH 10 Q1 for printing. (2022). Studocu; Studocu. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/liberty-national-high-school/math-algebea/diagnostic-test-in-math-10-q1-for-printing/33047055
  26. Dominga C. Valtoribio, Melanie G. Gurat., &Gerome H. Bautista. (2018). Exploring Students‟ Image Concepts Of Mathematical Functions Through Error Analysis. School of Teacher Education and Humanities, Saint Mary‟s University. 2(9).1-14. www.ijarp.org
  27. Dua Riong, M., Ahmadi, F., & Supriyadi, S. (2022). Concept Mastery and Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability of High School Students in Uniform Motion in a Straight-Line Materials (GLBB). Journal of Innovative Science Education, 11(3), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.15294/jise.v11i1.58966
  28. Education in Philippines – Philippine Honorary Consulate in the Republic of Moldova. (n.d.). Phconsulate.md. Retrieved May 1, 2024, from https://phconsulate.md/education-in-philippines/
  29. El Yagoubi, R., Lemaire, P., & Besson, M. (2005). Effects of aging on arithmetic problem-solving: an event-related brain potential study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1162/0898929052880084
  30. Elsayed, S. A., & Nasef, H. M. (2020). The Effectiveness of a Mathematics Learning Program Based on the Mind Habits in Developing Academic Achievement Motivation and Creative Thinking among Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Students. International Journal of Higher Education, 10(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v10n1p55
  31. Erickson, S., & Heit, E. (2015, June 2). Metacognition and confidence: comparing math to other academic subjects. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00742
  32. Fennell, M. J. V. (1997). Low Self-Esteem: A Cognitive Perspective. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 25(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800015368
  33. Filipino students are still among the lowest scorers in reading, math, and science, according to study. (2023, December 6). INQUIRER.net. https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/543939/filipino-students-still-among-lowest-scorers-in-reading-math-science-says-study?/
  34. Foster, C. (2016). Confidence and competence with mathematical procedures. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 91(2), 271–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-015-9660-9
  35. Foster, C. (2021). Implementing confidence assessment in low-stakes, formative mathematics assessments. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-021-10207-9
  36. Foster, C., Woodhead, S., Barton, C., & Clark-Wilson, A. (2022). School students’ confidence when answering diagnostic questions online. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 109, 491–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-021-10084-7
  37. aFurner, J. M., & Higgins, C. M. (2022). Propensities by Grade of Math Anxiety Levels K-12: Addressing Mathematics Dispositions and How Manipulatives May Help. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=transformations
  38. Gurat, M. (2018). Mathematical Problem-Solving Heuristics Among Student Teachers. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 11(3), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2018.110302
  39. Habtamu, S. B., Mulugeta, A. A., & Mulugeta, W. G. (2022). The Effect of Cooperative Problem-Solving Method on Students’ Motivation Towards Learning Algebra. Pedagogical Research, 7(2), em0123. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/11906
  40. Han, J., Kelley, T., & Knowles, J. G. (2021). Factors Influencing Student STEM Learning: Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancy, 21st Century Skills, and Career Awareness. Journal for STEM Education Research, 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41979-021-00053-3
  41. Harti, L.  S.& Agoestanto, A. (2019). Analysis of algebraic thinking ability viewed from the mathematical critical thinking ability of junior high school students on problem-based learning. Unnes Journal of Mathematics Education, 8(2), 119-127. doi: 10.15294/ujme.v8i2.32060
  42. Hernalyn G. Aguhayon, Roselyn D. Tingson., & Jupeth T. (2023) Addressing Students Learning Gaps in Mathematics through Differentiated Instruction. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 4(1), 1-19https://doi.org/10.53378/352967
  43. Hoon, T. S., et al. (2020). Analysis of STEM University Students' Abilities in Solving Algebraic Problems. Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v16i2.10304
  44. Jean, D., & Sabug, V. (2023). Students’ Mathematics Confidence and Engagement. 2023 IJNRD |, 8(7), 565. https://www.ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2307163.pdf
  45. Jouini, E., Karehnke, P., & Napp C. (2018), Stereotypes, underconfidence and decision-making with an application to gender and math Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 148, pp. 34-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.02.002.
  46. Just, J., & Siller, H. -S. (2022). The Role of Mathematics in STEM Secondary Classrooms: A Systematic Literature Review. Education Sciences, 12(9), 629. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12090629
  47. K to 12 Curriculum Guide MATHEMATICS (Grade 1 to Grade 10). (2016). https://depedbohol.org/v2/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Math-CG_with-tagged-math-equipment.pdf
  48. Khatib, M., & Safari, M. (2021). An analysis of cognitive levels of reading comprehension questions in EFL textbooks: A revised Bloom’s taxonomy perspective. Journal of Language and Education, 7(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2021.10319
  49. KidsHealth Medical Experts. (2015). Confidence (for Teens) - KidsHealth. Kidshealth.org. https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/confidence.html
  50. Kunashenko, M., & Matyushkina, A. (2023). Dynamics of Intellectual Confidence in Problem Solving. Moscow University Psychology Bulletin, 98-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/lpj-23-29
  51. Kunhertanti, K., & Santosa, R. (2018). The Role of Problem-Solving Approach in Building Students' Self Confidence in Learning Mathematics. Proceedings of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang's 1st International Conference of Mathematics Education (INCOMED 2017). 133-136 https://doi.org/10.2991/incomed-17.2018.28
  52. Li, W., Guo, Y., Lai, W., Wang, W., Li, X., Zhu, L., Shi, J., Guo, L., & Lu, C. (2023). Reciprocal relationships between self-esteem, coping styles, and anxiety symptoms among adolescents: between-person and within-person effects. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00564-4
  53. Llego, M. A. (2019, March 8). 2020 Official DepEd Transmutation Table and Templates. TeacherPH. https://www.teacherph.com/transmutation-table/
  54. Mabandos, S. M. Y., & Moneva, J. C. (2020). Students’ Mindset and Level of Anxiety for General Mathematics among Grade 11 Students: A Case of Jagobiao National High School, Philippines. IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies, 16(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.21013/jems.v16.n1.p6
  55. Macaso, K. M. J., & Dagohoy, R. G. (2022). Predictors of Performance in Mathematics of Science, Technology, And Engineering Students of a Public Secondary School in The Philippines. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 2(4), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v2i4.990
  56. Math 9 Diagnostic Test. (2021). Studocu; Studocu. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/metro-manila-college/bachelor-of-secondary-education/math-9-diagnostic-test/30613271Retreved March 28, 2024, from https://www.youtube.com/live/9XRoAnziupg?si=O4f_BKyd1Qal64q6
  57. Mathematics - What is Mathematics? (n.d.). Www.tntech.edu. Retrieved April 28, 2024, from https://www.tntech.edu/cas/math/what-is-mathematics.php?/
  58. Maudy, S. Y., Suryadi, D., & Mulyana, E. (2019). Level of student’s algebraic thinking. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1157, 042057. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1157/4/042057
  59. Mayor, C. A. (2018). The Relationship between Students’ Algebra Skills and Performance in Basic Calculus. Www.academia.edu. Retrieved April 30, 2024, from https://www.academia.edu/37572789/_The_Relationship_between_Students_Algebra_Skills_and_Performance_in_Basic_Calculus
  60. McElmeel, S. L. (2002) Character Education: A book guide for teachers, librarians, and parents (Greenwood Village: Greenwood Publishing Group)
  61. Mcmurran, M., Weisbart, D. & Kinnari, A. (2023). The relationship between students' gender and their confidence in the correctness of their solutions to complex and difficult mathematics problems. Elsivier 107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102349.
  62. Medina, J. B. (2023). Promoting Collaboration in InFleX Modality: A Case on Teaching History of Mathematics. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 6(1), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.21043/jpmk.v6i1.19405
  63. Medina, J. B. (2023). Promoting Collaboration in InFleX Modality: A Case on Teaching History of Mathematics. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 6(1), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.21043/jpmk.v6i1.1940
  64. Mendoza, M. (2021) What It's Like to Go to a Science High School, According to PSHS Alumni. https://www.candymag.com/all-access/what-it-s-like-to-go-to-a-science-high-school-a00306-20210108
  65. ‌Mullis, I., Martin, M., Foy, P., Kelly, D., Fishbein, B., & Pirls, T. (2020). INTERNATIONAL RESULTS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE. https://www.iea.nl/sites/default/files/2021-01/TIMSS%202019-International-Results-in-Mathematics-and-Science.pdf
  66. OECD (2023), PISA 2022 Results (Volume I): The State of Learning and Equity in Education, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris,https://doi.org/10.1787/53f23881-en
  67. OECD (2023), PISA 2022 Results (Volume II): Learning During – and From – Disruption, PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/a97db61c-en
  68. Osborne, M. (2021). Teacher Instructional Practices and Student Mathematics Achievement. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.5590/jerap.2021.11.1.25
  69. Pierce, R., & Stacey, K. (2004). A Framework for Monitoring Progress and Planning
  70. PISA 2022 Results Factsheets Philippines PUBE. (n.d.). https://www.oecd.org/publication/pisa-2022-results/webbooks/dynamic/pisa-country-notes/a0882a2d/pdf/philippines.pdf
  71. Polemer Cuarto. (2014, July 5). Transmutation table. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/7567581/Transmutation_table
  72. Pramesti, T., & Retnawati, H. (2019). Difficulties in learning algebra: An analysis of students’ errors. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1320(1), 012061. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1320/1/012061
  73. Pratama, M. A. (2020) Mathematical critical thinking ability and students’ confidence in mathematical literacy. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1-7. https://doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1663/1/012028
  74. Prigge, B. (n.d) Why confidence is critical to problem solving. Kepner-Tregoe. Retrieved February 24, 2025, from https://kepner-tregoe.com/blogs/why-confidence-is-critical-to-problem-solving/
  75. ‌Prodigy game (2022). A Look at Confidence in Learning, 2022 from https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/prodigy-math-confidence/
  76. ‌Psychology Today. (2019). Confidence | Psychology Today. Psychology Today.https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/confidence
  77. Ramadhani, R. (2018). The enhancement of mathematical problem-solving ability and self-confidence of students through problem-based learning. Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika, 5(1), 127-134. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jrpm.v5i1.13269
  78. Razaghpoor, A., et al. (2021). Learning Styles and Their Relationship with Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy among Nursing Students in Qazvin. Modern Care Journal, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.5812/modernc.110745
  79. Sager, M. T., Sherard, M. K., Walkington, C., Milton, S., & Petrosino, A. J. (2024). Seeing mathematics together: A comparative case study of youths and facilitators collaborating to learn mathematics in informal settings. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 75, 101171–101171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2024.101171
  80. Sholihah, R., Putra, H., Indiana, H. (2023, June 5) The Relationship Between Self Confidence and Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability on Islamic Junior High School Students. Journal of Innovative Mathematics (JIML), 6(2), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.22460/jiml.v6i2.15373
  81. Shuvankar Madhu, & Bhattacharyya, D. (2023, November 26). Learning Styles Preferences Among the Students. ResearchGate; unknown. 5. pp. 1-12.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375915801_Learning_Styles_Preferences_Among_the_Students
  82. Sophia, S., Deacon, S., & Pillers, C. (2022). Improving Assessment Outcomes in Algebra and Functions Improving Assessment Outcomes in Algebra and Functions Through Concrete Materials and Direct Instruction Through Concrete Materials and Direct Instruction Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Educational Methods Commons, and the Elementary Education Commons. https://sophia.stkate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1439&context=maed
  83. Soysal, D., Bani-Yaghoub, M., & Riggers-Piehl, T. A. (2022). Analysis of Anxiety, Motivation, and Confidence of STEM Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 17(2), em0684. https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/11836
  84. Sparks, S. D. (2019, December 19). Anxiety Can Make Kids Avoid Math. Here’s How They Can Talk Through the Fear. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/leadership/anxiety-can-make-kids-avoid-math-heres-how-they-can-talk-through-the-fear/2019/12
  85. Sugiarti, L., & Retnawati, H. (2019). Analysis of student difficulties in algebraproblem-solving in junior high school. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1320(1), 012103.https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1320/1/012103
  86. Stripp, C. (2014, October 3). Mastery in mathematics: What it is and why we should be doing it. National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics. https://www.ncetm.org.uk/features/mastery-in-mathematics-what-it-is-and-why-we-should-be-doing-it/
  87. Suleiman, Y., & Hammed, A. (2019). Perceived causes of students’ failure in mathematics in Kwara State Junior Secondary Schools: Implication for educational managers. International Journal of Educational Studies in Mathematics, 6(1), 19-33.
  88. Tarim S. (2024) The importance of healthy self-confidence in students. Royal Public Schools. Retrieved February 24, 2025, from https://royaltx.org/the-importance-of-healthy-self-confidence-in-students/
  89. Teaching Towards the Effective Use of Computer Algebra Systems. International Journal of Computers for Mathematical Learning, 9(1), 59–93. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:ijco.0000038246.98119.14
  90. Tennessee Tech. (2022). Mathematics - What is Mathematics from https://www.tntech.edu/cas/math/what-is-mathematics.php
  91. U.S. Department of Stae (n.d) The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) from https://www.state.gov/the-organization-for-economic-co-operation-and-development-oecd/
  92. Vocabulary.com. (n.d.). Mastery. In Vocabulary.com Dictionary. Retrieved May 01, 2024, from https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/mastery
  93. Vos, H., Marinova, M., De Léon, S. C., Sasanguie, D., & Reynvoet, B. (2023). Gender differences in young adults’ mathematical performance: Examining the contribution of working memory, math anxiety and gender-related stereotypes. Learning and Individual Differences, 102, 102255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102255
  94. Wahyuni, R., Juniati, D., & Wijayanti, P. (2024). How do math anxiety and self-confidence affect mathematical problem solving? TEM Journal, 13(1), 550–560. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM131-58
  95. Waini, I., Kamaruddin, R., & Hamzah, M. S. G. (2014). The effect of self-confidence on mathematics achievement among high school students in Malaysia. International Journal of Instruction, 7(1), 255–266.
  96. Why do students struggle in College Calculus? | Superprof. (n.d.). Www.superprof.com. Retrieved April 28, 2024, from https://www.superprof.com/blog/struggeling-in-calculus/
  97. Why do students struggle in College Calculus? | Superprof. (n.d.). Www.superprof.com. Retrieved April 28, 2024, from https://www.superprof.com/blog/struggeling-in-calculus/
  98. Why mathematics is important for students in the Philippines? | 5 Answers from Research papers. (n.d.). SciSpace - Question. Retrieved April 28, 2024, from https://typeset.io/questions/why-mathematics-is-important-for-the-students-in-the-3fce5dkxbt
  99. Yates S M The Influence of Optimism and Pessimism on Student Achievement in Mathematics. Personality and Individual Differences Personality and Individual Differences 14 1261
  100. Yeh, Y., Chen, S.-Y., Rega, E. M., & Lin, C.-S. (2019). Mindful Learning Experience Facilitates Mastery Experience Through Heightened Flow and Self-Efficacy in Game-Based Creativity Learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01593
  101. Yunus, M., Setyosari, P., Utaya, S., Kuswandi, D., Amirullah, A., Rusdi, M. (2021) The Relationship Between Achievement Motivation, Metacognitive Awareness, Attitudes and Problem-Solving Abilities in Students. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 16(1), 32-45. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5506
  102. Zakariya, Y. F. (2022). Improving students’ mathematics self-efficacy: A systematic review of intervention studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.986622