HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 49 no. 10 (2025)

The Mediating Effect of the Teacher-Student Learning Partnership in Teachers' Socio-Emotional Intelligence and Pupils' Academic Performance in Mulanay District I, Division of Quezon

Reymond Decena | Jellian Ricafrente

Discipline: others in psychology

 

Abstract:

The study aimed to investigate the mediating effect of the teacher-student learning partnership on the relationship between teachers’ socio-emotional intelligence and pupils’ academic performance in Mulanay District I, Division of Quezon. Utilizing a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, the study involved 17 Grade VI teachers and 225 Pupils across 12 public elementary schools. Teachers’ SEI was assessed using the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS). The teacher-student learning partnership and pupils’ academic performance were measured through standardized and research-developed instruments. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and mediation analysis to determine the direct and indirect relationships between variables. The findings revealed that teachers demonstrated an excellent level of SEI across the domains of self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. The teacher-student learning partnership was rated very high, characterized by warmth, support, and conflict. Likewise, pupils’ academic performance is rated as very satisfactory. Statistical results confirmed that the teacher-student learning partnership partially mediates the relationship between SEI and academic performance, indicating that emotional competence is most effective when expressed through a supportive, collaborative classroom relationship. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating socio-emotional and relational skill-building into teacher professional development initiatives to foster a positive learning environment and enhance academic outcomes.



References:

  1. Ackerman, C. E. (2020, April 1).  What Is Self-Awareness?  (+5 Ways to Be More Self-Aware) Positive Psychology.com. Retrieved from https://positivepsychology.com/self-awareness-matters-how-you-can-be-more-self-aware/ 
  2. Abunaw, M. T. (2021). Classroom Conflict Management Strategies and Pupils’ Competency Development: A Survey of Teacher Training Colleges in Fako Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon. Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), 6(1), 458-473. Retrieved from https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47753.pdf   
  3. Akanle, O. K. (2024, November 29).  Emotional Intelligence: A Panacea for Organizational Effectiveness?  Bloomsbury Publishing.  Retrieved from https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3875461&utm 
  4. Aldrup, K., Klusmann, U., Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U. (2020, December). Pupil misbehavior and teacher well-being: Testing the mediating role of the teacher-student relationship. ELSEVIER, 58, 126–136. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.05.006  
  5. Ali, J., Faizal, M., Ghani, S. S., Qaiser, A. (2020, January).  The impact of socio-emotional intelligence training on teachers' performance.  ResearchGate, 6(2), 18–31.  doi:10.17509/earr.v2i2.22478
  6. Amat, F., Falcó-Gimeno, A., Andreu, A., Jordi, M. (2020, April 5).  Pandemics meet democracy: Experimental evidence from the COVID-19 crisis in Spain.  SocArXiv papers, 6, 1–31.
  7. Arishaba, E. (2024).  Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools Using Social Learning Theory.  Journal of Research Innovation and Implications & Practices, 8(1), 242–247.  doi: https://doi.org/10.59765/ndfw8253ric  
  8. Bani-Melhem, S., Abukhait, R.M., Mohd Shamsudin, F. (2020, March 13).  Does job stress affect innovative behaviors?  Evidence from Dubai five-star hotels.  Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 19(3), 344–367.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2020.1737769 
  9. Barbayannis, G., Mahindra, B., Xiang, Z., Humberto, B., Pecor, K., Xue, M. (2022, May 23).  Academic Stress and Mental Well-Being in College Pupils: Correlations, Affected Groups, and COVID-19.  Frontiers, 13.  doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886344 
  10. Betkowski, A. (2024, April 9). Types of Teacher Motivation and Why They Matter.  Retrieved from https://www.gcu.edu/blog/teaching-school-administration/types-teacher-motivation-why-they-matter   
  11. Bonilla, R. P., Armadans, I., Anguera, M.T. (2024). Focus Group on Conflict Management in the Classroom in Secondary Education in Costa Rica: A Mixed Methods Approach. Frontier, 15. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1407433 
  12. Brandmiller, C., Dumont, H., & Becker, M. (2020).  Teacher Perceptions of Learning Motivation and Classroom Behavior: The Role of Pupil Characteristics.  Contemporary educational psychology, 63.  doi: https://doi.org/10.25656/01:22919  
  13. Brew, E. A., Nketiah, B., Koranteng, R. (2021, June 2).  A Literature Review of Academic Performance, an Insight into Factors and their Influences on Academic Outcomes of Pupils at Senior High Schools.  Open Access Library Journal, 8(6).  Retrieved from https://www.scirp.org/%28S%28lz5mqp453edsnp55rrgjct55%29%29/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=3002154 
  14. Česnavičiens, J., Buksnyte-Marmiene, L., Brandisauskiene, A. (2022, January).  The Importance of Teacher Support and Equity in Pupil Engagement and Achievement in Low SES School Contexts.  Research Gate, 157–169.  http://doi:10.15804/tner.2022.69.3.12
  15. Cherry, K. (2024, May 9).  How to Boost Your Self-Awareness.  VeryWell Mind.  Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-awareness-2795023 
  16. Chew, S. (2023, August 31). Pupil trust in the teacher: A critical but overlooked factor in pupil success. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/ed/precollege/psychology-teacher-network/introductory-psychology/pupil-trust 
  17. Cipriano, C., Barnes, T. N., & Brackett, M. A. (2022).  Social and Emotional Learning in Teacher Preparation: A Critical Component of Educator Effectiveness.  Frontiers in Education, 7.  doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.813274  
  18. Collie, R. J. (2021).  COVID-19 and teachers' somatic burden, stress, and emotional exhaustion: Examining the role of principal leadership and workplace buoyancy.  Educational Psychology, 41(6), 800–817.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2021.577035 
  19. Collie, R. J. (2021).  Teachers' social-emotional competence: Links with social support, job satisfaction, and well-being.  Teaching and Teacher Education, 105.  doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103410 
  20. Collie, R. J., & Martin, A. J. (2021).  Teachers' Work-Related Demands and Resources: Links with Multiple Teacher Outcomes.  Teaching and Teacher Education, 103.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103344 
  21. Compendio, D. B. (2020).  Emotional, Social Intelligence, and Performance of Teachers.  Philippine E-Journals, 2(1).  Retrieved from https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=15552&utm 
  22. Cook-Sather, A., Bovill, C., & Felten, P. (2021).  Engaging pupils as partners in learning and teaching: A guide for faculty (2nd ed.).  Wiley.
  23. Cuevas, G. S. (2022, December 21).  What Are Social Skills and Why Are They So Important?  Exploring Your Mind.  Retrieved from https://exploringyourmind.com/what-are-social-skills/ 
  24. D'Amico, A., Geraci, A., Chiara, T. (2020).  The Relationship between Perceived Emotional Intelligence, Work Engagement, Job Satisfaction, and Burnout in Italian School Teachers: An Exploratory Study. Psihologijske teme,, 29(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.29.1.4 
  25. Dela Cruz, R. M., & Santiago, A. L. (2021).  Developing Social Awareness among Filipino Public School Teachers: Challenges and Opportunities.  Philippine Journal of Teacher Education, 12(1), 45–60.
  26. Demerath, P., Kemper, S., Yousuf, E., & Banwo, B. (2022, March 1).  A Grounded Model of How Educators Earn Pupils' Trust in a High-Performing U.S. Urban High School.  National Library of Medicine, 54(5), 703–732.  doi:10.1007/s11256-022-00635-4
  27. Demetriou, A., Charilaos S. G., G. S., Makris N., Panaoura R., Kazi S. (2022, September 29).  Changing priorities in the development of cognitive competence and school learning: A general theory.  National Library of Medicine. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.. 2022.954971
  28. Deng, X., Oda S., Kawano Y. (2023). Graphene-based midinfrared photodetector with bull's eye plasmonic antenna.  Optical Engineering, 62(9), 097102-097102.
  29. Devine, D., Gaskell, J., Jennings, W., Stoker, G. (2021, May). Trust and the Coronavirus Pandemic: What are the Consequences of and for Trust? An Early Review of the Literature. National Library of Medicine, 19(2), 274–285. doi:10.1177/1478929920948684
  30. Doggrell, S. A. (2023, March 7).  Differences among pupils across programs in a biochemistry course in lecture attendance, engagement, and academic outcomes.  Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 4, 377–388.
  31. Dong, A., Siu-Yung J. M., King R. B. (2020, October 29).  How Does Prior Knowledge Influence Learning Engagement?  The Mediating Roles of Cognitive Load and Help-Seeking. Frontiers, 11.  doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591203 
  32. Fitzgerald, M. M., Renshaw, T. L., & Greenberg, M. T. (2022). Promoting educator social and emotional competence, well-being, and pupil outcomes: A systematic review. Educational Psychology Review, 34(2), 885–911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09635-5 
  33. EdTrust. (2021, March 17).  The Importance of Strong Relationships Between Teachers & Pupils.  EdTrust. Retrieved from https://edtrust.org/rti/the-importance-of-strong-relationships/?utm 
  34. Elias, M. J. (2025, January 14).  What SEL Adds to Our Understanding of Literacy Development in Young Children.  EduTopia. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/article/sel-literacy-development-early-childhood 
  35. Emynorane, R. H., Ratna, Emyblonde, H. C. Y., Arrive, J. (2024, December). Conflict Management Between Teachers and Pupils: Case of Esperanto Private High School in Madagascar. Research Gate, 9(2), 165–174. http://doi:10.26740/jp.v9n2.p165-174 
  36. Faruq, F., & Purwandari, E. (2011, December 4). Self-Management Intervention: What are the Implications for? Jurnal Kependidikan: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian dan Kajian Kepustakaan, 869-882. doi:doi: https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v8i4.6112 
  37. Felten, P., Forsyth, R., Sutherland, K. A. (2023). Building Trust in the Classroom: A Conceptual Model for Teachers, Scholars, and Academic Developers in Higher Education. Teaching & Learning Inquiry /11. doi: https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.11.20  
  38. Fernández-Pérez, V., & Martín-Rojas, R. (2023).  Emotional intelligence and academic motivation in primary school pupils.  Psicología Educativa, 28(1), 1–8.
  39. Firmansyah, D., & Saepuloh, D. (2022, December). Social Learning Theory: Cognitive and Behavioral Approaches.  Research Gate.  doi:10.55927/jiph.v1i3.2317
  40. Firsich, E.  (2020, May).  The Importance of Social Skills in Education.  Albuquerque Teachers Federation.  doi:chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/ https://atfunion.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2017-Eugene-Firsich-Importance-of-Social-Skills-in-Education.pdf 
  41. García, K. A., & Pantao, J. G. (2021). Cultural sensitivity and classroom management of teachers. International Journal of Professional Development, Learners and Learning, 3(1), ep2108. https://doi.org/10.30935/ijpdll/11093 
  42. García, M. L., & Reyes, R. D. (2022).  Teachers' Empathy and Social Awareness in Public Elementary Schools in Quezon Province.  Philippine Journal of Education and Development, 2, 34–49.
  43. Go, M. B., Golbin Jr., R. A., Velos, S. P., Bate, G. P. (2020, October).  Filipino Teachers' Compartmentalization Ability, Emotional Intelligence, and Teaching Performance.  Asian Journal of University Education, 16(3).  doi: https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v16i3.7912 
  44. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ.Bantam Books.
  45. Hall, W. D., Tong, S., Foster, R. G., Rimpelä, A. H. (2020).  Academic Performance.  Science Direct.  Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/academic-performance 
  46. Hao, L., Yunhuo, Cui, M. M. C.  (2020, January 22).  The Relationship between Teacher Support and Pupils' Academic Emotions: A Meta-Analysis.  Frontier, 8.  doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02288 
  47. Healey, M., Flint, A., & Harrington, K. (2020).  Pupils as partners: Reflections on a conceptual model.  Teaching & Learning Inquiry, 8(2), 8–20.  https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.8.2.2 
  48. Hernández, R., Santiago, V.,  López, G., Arroba, A., Fiallos, D., Fernando, M., Ases, M., Mayorga, J. (2023, October 20). Strategies for the prevention of pupil conflicts in the classroom. Conciencia Digital, 6(4).
  49. Herrity, J. (2024, August 16).  What are Social Skills?  Definition and Examples.  Indeed. Retrieved from https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/social-skills 
  50. Hoferichter, F., Kulakow, S., Raufelder, D. (2022, November 28).  How teacher and classmate support relate to pupils' stress and academic achievement.  Frontiers, 13.  doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992497 
  51. Hourani, R. B., Litz, D., Parkman, S. (2020, March 26).  Emotional Intelligence and School Leaders: Evidence from Abu Dhabi.  49(3). doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/174114322091355 
  52. Huang, L.,  & Wang, D.(2023, August 24). Teacher Support, Academic Self-Efficacy, Pupil Engagement, and Academic Achievement in Emergency Online Learning.  National Library of Medicine, 13(9). doi:10.3390/bs13090704
  53. INLY.  (2023, December 20).  Pupil academic achievement, as measured by grades and test scores, has long been a focus in schools, but instilling empathy, self-confidence, and resilience is equally crucial.  INLY SCHOOL.  Retrieved from https://www.inlyschool.org/news/2023-12-20/more-than-academics-the-essential-role-of-social-emotional-education-in-schools  
  54. Iram, N., & Nasreen, A. (2021, December 31).  Effect Of Teachers' Emotional Intelligence on Pupils' Involvement and Task Orientation In Classroom Learning Environment At Secondary School Level.  Pakistan Journal of Educational Research, 4(4).  doi: https://doi.org/10.52337/pjer.v4i4.353 
  55. Jennings, P. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2020).  The prosocial classroom: Teacher social and emotional competence in relation to pupil and classroom outcomes.  Review of Educational Research, 145–170.  doi:  https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320914743 
  56. Karousiou, C., Hajisoteriou, C., & Angelides, P. (2019).  Teachers' Emotions in Super-Diverse School Settings.  Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 29, 61–77.  doi: https://doi:10.1080/14681366.2019.1685568 
  57. Khan, S. (2024, May 31).  Five Best: Books on Teachers.  The Wall Street Journal.  Doi: https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/books/five-best-books-on-teachers-8168b5cc  
  58. Kim, L. E., Oxley, L., & Asbury, K. (2020).  My brain feels like a browser with 100 tabs open": A longitudinal study of teachers' mental health during COVID-19.  British Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(2), 281–307.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12355  
  59. Kobiruzzaman, M. M. (2021, August 12).  Questionnaire Introduction Example- Survey Introduction Sample.  Retrieved from Newsmoor: https://newsmoor.com/questionnaire-introduction-example-example-of-questionnaire-introduction/ 
  60. Labs, P. (2024, August 6).  Understanding Research Trends to Develop Robust Hypotheses: A Comprehensive Guide.  Pluto Research Trends Insights.  Retrieved from https://insights.pluto.im/develop-good-research-hypothesis-with-research-trends 
  61. Landry, L. (2021, April 3).  Why Emotional Intelligence Is Important in Leadership.  Harvard Business School.  Retrieved from https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/emotional-intelligence-in-leadership  
  62. Lee, J., Xie, H., & Wu, Y. (2023).  Cultivating Social Awareness in Educators: Impacts on Pupil Engagement and Well-being.  International Journal of Educational Research.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2023.102142  
  63. Lee, M., & Huang, Y. (2023).  Teachers' Dilemmas in Managing Relationships During Remote Instruction: Challenges and Strategies.  Journal of Online Learning Research, 9(1), 35–52.
  64. Leithwood, K. (2021).  A Review of evidence about equitable school leadership.  Education Science, 11(8), 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci1108037 
  65. Liu, T., Cheong-Iao, P. P., & Lam, C. (2024, July 16).  Public health education using social learning theory: a systematic scoping review.  BMC Public Health. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19333-9 
  66. Liu, X. (2024, June 20). Effect of teacher–pupil relationship on academic engagement: the mediating roles of perceived social support and academic pressure. Frontiers in Psychology. http://doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1331667 
  67. Llego, M. A. (2023).  DepEd K to 12 Grading System: Steps for Computing Grades.  TeacherPH. Retrieved from https://www.teacherph.com/deped-grading-system/  
  68. Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., & Marengo, D. (2020).  Pupil–teacher relationship quality and academic achievement: A meta-analytic approach. Journal of School Psychology, 82, 49–64.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.01.001 
  69. Lopez-Garrido, G. (2020, August 9). Self-Efficacy Theory. Retrieved from Simply Psychology: https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-efficacy.html 
  70. Magdalena, M. (2021).  Self-Management Skills and Pupil Achievement –A Pilot Study.  Lumen, 16, 490–506.  doi: https://doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/atee2020/34 
  71. Mahdi, S. (2023, September).  Effective Communication in Learning: Teacher Strategies and Their Impact on Pupil Learning Outcomes.  International Journal of Linguistics Communication and Broadcasting 1(4):26-30, 1(4), 26-0. doi:10.46336/ijlcb.v1i4.26
  72. Marvin, H. (2024, February 12).  The power of integrating social-emotional learning to enhance academic achievement.  Satchel Pulse.  Retrieved from https://blog.teamsatchel.com/pulse/the-power-of-integrating-social-emotional-learning-to-enhance-academic-achievement
  73. Matthews, K. E., Dwyer, A., Hine, L., & Turner, J. (2020).  Conceptions of pupils as partners.  Higher Education, 79(5), 881–900.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-019-00417-4 
  74. McGrath, K. F., & Bergen, V. P. (2022).  Pupil–teacher relationships: The importance of closeness and warmth for academic success. Teaching and Teacher Education, 109, 103566.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103566 
  75. McLean, L. (2024, January 15).  4 Ways to Leverage Emotions for Learning.  EduTopia. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/article/developing-good-communication-plan-pupils-families/
  76. Mingoa, T., Hernandez, K., Paguio, D., Rice, A., Tapales, M. R. (2024, September 10).  Filipino Teachers' Understanding and Promotion of Social-Emotional Skills and Resilience Among 4- to 6-Year-Old Children.  Retrieved from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/ https://www.childresearch.net/projects/pdf/crn_asia_2024_05.pdf  
  77. Musa, I. (2024, June 25).  The Power of Emotional Intelligence in Modern Education.  SALZBURG GLOBAL.  Retrieved from https://www.salzburgglobal.org/news/topics/article/the-power-of-emotional-intelligence-in-modern-education  
  78. Panda, I. (2022, February 4). Correlation Research: Explanatory and Predictive Designs. Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/essays/correlational-research-explanatory-and-predictive-designs/ 
  79. Pang, T., Wang, H., Zhang, X. (2024, February 28).  Self-Concept Clarity and Loneliness among College Pupils: The Chain-Mediating Effect of Fear of Negative Evaluation and Self-Disclosure. 14(3), 194. doi:10.3390/bs14030194
  80. Platz, M. (2021).  Trust Between Teacher and Pupil in Academic Education. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 55, 688–697.  doi:DOI:10.1111/1467-9752.12560
  81. Pressley, T. (2021).  Factors contributing to teacher burnout during COVID-19.  Educational Researcher, 50(5), 325–327.  doi: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X211023476  
  82. Positive Action.  (2023, September 15).  Social and Emotional Intelligence: An Introductory Guide.  Retrieved from https://www.positiveaction.net/blog/social-and-emotional-intelligence
  83. Qonita, I., Dahlan, T. H.,  Damaianti, L. F. (2021, June). Stres akademik sebagai mediator kontribusi konsep diri akademik terhadap keterlibatan mahasiswa dalam perkuliahan daring. Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 10(1), 119-132. doi: https://doi.org/10.30996/persona.v10i1.4531
  84. Quiblat. S, G. & Quirap, E. A. (2024, August).  Teachers' Emotional Intelligence and Filipino Work Values.  International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 7(8), 3915–3924. doi:10.47191/ijmra/v7-i08-33
  85. Rahman, M. H., Bin Amin, M., Yusof, M. F., Islam, M. A., & Afrin, S. (2024).  The Influence of Teachers' Emotional Intelligence on Pupils' Motivation for Academic Learning: An Empirical Study of University Pupils in Bangladesh.  Cogent Education, 11(1).  doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2327752 
  86. Raja, Y. (2022, August).  Self-Concept and the Theory of Self.  International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJIRCST), 10(8). Retrieved from chrome extension: https://www.ijircst.org/DOC/ebch_1462-3.pdf 
  87. Rauterkus, H., Hennemann, T., Hagen, T., Krull, J., Nitz, J., Eiben, K., Verbeck, L., Hanisch.  (2024).  Teachers' ability to regulate their emotions predicts their levels of stress in primary schools in Germany.  Journal of Curriculum Studies, 56(4).  doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2024.2312391  
  88. Rayat, R. (2022, November).  Motivation Theories: A Review and Its Implications in Improving Organisational Health.  International Journal of Management (IJM), 11(11), 2795–2802.  doi:DOI: 10.34218/IJM.11.11.2020.262
  89. Rebucas, E. M. (2024, July). Influence of Teacher-student Relationship on Pupils’ Perceptions of the Teacher’s Effectiveness. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13(7).https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382532089_Influence_of_Teacher-student_Relationship_on_Pupils%27_Perceptions_of_the_Teacher%27s_Effectiveness_in_the_Delivery_of_Education?utm 
  90. Richard, R. & Deci, E. (2020, January).  Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being.  American Psychological Association. (55(1), 67–78).  doi:10.1037110003-066X.55.1.68
  91. Rimm-Kaufman, S., & Sandilos, L. (2021).  Improving Pupils' Relationships with Teachers to Provide Essential Supports for Learning.  American Psychological Association.  Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/education-career/k12/relationships  
  92. Roorda, D. L., Zee, M., & Koomen, H. M. Y. (2021). Pupil–teacher relationships and pupil motivation: A meta-analytic update and theoretical framework.  Educational Psychology Review, 33(2), 629–661.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09509-7 
  93. Sabol, T. J., & Pianta, R. C. (2023).  Classroom interactions and children's academic achievement: A longitudinal study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 63, 90–101.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.01.005 
  94. Salovey, P.,  & Mayer, J. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Baywood Publishing Co., Inc., 9, 118–211. Retrieved from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://center.uoregon.edu/StartingStrong/uploads/STARTINGSTRONG2016/HANDOUTS/KEY_46201/pub153_SaloveyMayerICP1990_OCR.pdf 
  95. Sanne, G. A., Herpen, V., Hilverdab, F., Vollmannb, M. (2024, October 16).  A longitudinal study on the impact of pupil-teacher and pupil-peer relationships on academic performance: the mediating effects of study effort and engagement.  European Journal of Higher Education.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21568235.2024.2414760 
  96. Santiago, J. C. (2020).  Teachers' Social-Emotional Competence and Their Teaching Practices that Promote Pupils' Social-Emotional Learning.  Philippine Journal of Educational Studies.  Retrieved from.  Retrieved from https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/ali/article/download/9874/8711 
  97. Santos, R. D., & Ramirez, M. C. (2021).  Professional relationship challenges among Filipino public school teachers: An exploratory study.  Philippine Journal of Education and Development, 11(2), 77–92.
  98. Saumya, K., Agarwal, M., Agarwal, N. (2021, April 5).  Defining And Measuring Academic Performance of HEI Pupils- A Critical Review.  Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(6).  Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359002367_Defining_And_Measuring_Academic_Performance_of_Hei_Pupils-_A_Critical_Review 
  99. Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2020).  Advancements in the field of social and emotional learning: A critical review of the literature.  Educational Psychologist, 147–164.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2020.1765304 
  100. Shubham, S., & Tiwari, V. (2022, November 13).  Emotional Intelligence in the Field of Business and Management: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Last Two Decades.  Sage Journal, 28(4).  doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/09722629221132122 
  101. Suleiman, I. B., Okunade, O., A., G., D. E., & Ezeanya, U. C. (2024, September 30).  Key Factors Influencing Pupils' Academic Performance.  Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology, 11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43067-024-00166-w  
  102. Sword, R. (2020, November 16).  Effective Communication in the Classroom: Skills for Teachers.  High Speed Training.  Retrieved from https://www.highspeedtraining.co.uk/hub/communication-skills-for-teachers/
  103. Taleb, A., Jaberi, A., Alzouebi, K., Othman, A., Khurma, A. (2024, April 28). An Investigation into the Impact of Teachers’ Emotional Intelligence on Pupils’ Satisfaction with Their Academic Achievement. MDPI, 13(5), 244.  doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13050244  
  104. Tsigilis, N., & Koustelios, A. (2023). Teacher–pupil relationship quality and its impact on classroom climate: A multilevel analysis. Learning Environments Research, 26, 245–262.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-022-09414-y 
  105. UNICEF Philippines.  (2021, March 3).  Retrieved from COVID-19: Schools for more than 168 million children globally have been completely closed for almost a full year, says UNICEF: https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/covid-19-schools-more-168-million-children-globally-have-been-completely-closed 
  106. Valente, S., Lourenco, A., & Dominguez-Lara, S. (2020, October 23).  Emotional Intelligence Skills Make the Difference.  Chapter Metrics Overview.  Teachers in the 21st Century.  doi:doi:10.5772/intechopen.103082
  107. Vitug, A. C. (2019, June 26).  Pupil Academic Performance: The Role of Motivation in Teaching Strategies.  PressReader. Retrieved from https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-pampanga/20190626/281651076642563 
  108. Wang, H., & Buric, I. (2023, March 24).  A diary investigation of teachers' emotional labor for negative emotions: Its associations with perceived pupil disengagement and emotional exhaustion.  ELSEVIER.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104117
  109. Wang, L. (2022, January 3).  Exploring the Relationship Among Teacher Emotional Intelligence, Work Engagement, Teacher Self-Efficacy, and Pupil Academic Achievement: A Moderated Mediation Model.  Frontiers, 12.  doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.810559
  110. Welmilla, I. (2020, November 13).  Pupils' Perspective on the Emotional Intelligence of Teachers on Pupil Engagement.  International Business Research, 4. doi:10.5539/ibr.v13n4p30
  111. Xu, X., Wu, Z., Wei, D. (2023, February 17).  The relationship between perceived teacher support and pupil engagement among higher vocational pupils: A moderated mediation model.  National Library of Medicine. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1116932
  112. Yu, F., Milord, J., Orton, S., Flores, L., Marra, R. (2021).  Pupils' Evaluation of Online Teaching Strategies for Engineering Courses during COVID.  ASEE Midwest Section Conference.
  113. Zepke, N., & Leach, L. (2020).  Improving pupil engagement: Ten proposals for action.  Active Learning in Higher Education, 21(2), 123–139.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787419870300